You learned in the previous lesson that T cells require two independent signals to become activated. When T cells are activated, they acquire effector functions and begin to proliferate. This two-signal mechanism prevents the expansion of self-reactive effector T cells. Similarly, B cell receptor signaling alone is not sufficient to activate B cells. B cells require assistance from helper T cells to become activated by monovalent protein antigens and gain certain immune functions. What changes do you suspect will occur to B cells when they are activated by protein antigen and receive T cell help? (select all that apply)
a) They will generate memory cells that can respond to a subsequent exposure to antigen.
b) Their immunoglobulin genes will be mutated in a way that alters antigen affinity.
c) The isotype of their immunoglobulin (Ig) genes will change.
d) They will proliferate and expand.
e) They will secrete antibodies.

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

a. They will generate memory cells that can respond to subsequent exposure to antigen.

d. They will proliferate and expand

e. They will secrete anti bodies

Explanation:

B cells are type of white blood cells who belong to lymphocyte subtype. They are activated by binding of antigen to receptors on cells surface, against which they initiate and antibody response. Some of these cell proliferate and divide while other become long lived memory cells that respond subsequent exposure to antigen at later stage.


Related Questions

how do the decisons that we make each day influence how efficiently our body operates

Answers

Answer:

Our decisions have direct impact on the operations or actions of our body.

Explanation:

The decisions that we make each day greatly influence our body and efficiently our body operates because the activities we do in daily life put pressure on our body system. If our decisions force us to do hard work so it makes our body more stronger and healthier as compared to those decisions which requires no hard work so our body is not strong enough and our body can't operates efficiently.

What determines the temperature of a layer of the atmosphere?
A. The way thlmayer interacts with the layer below it
B. The average wind speed in the layer
c. The way the layer interacts with solar radiation
D. The altitude of the solar radiation

Answers

The answer is C. The way the layer interacts with solar radiation.

Answer: c

Explanation:

Correct just did it

Once the neural plate edges have fused to become a neural tube, the tissues that were at the edges of the plate now form the __________ region the neural tube. Fill in the blank.

Answers

Answer: Dorsal.

Explanation:

The neural plate is a region of the dorsal ectoderm that develops into the neural ectoderm. It is a flat structure, with columnar appearing cells, and the formation of the neural ectoderm is the first step in the neurulation process. This region is generated from the thickened mid-dorsal surface opposite the primitive line of the ectoderm. From this epithelial zone the various types of neuronal and glia cells belonging to the nervous system are derived. For the neural plate to be built, it is necessary that the epiblast cells converge towards the midline of the embryonic disc forming a groove of the primitive line, delimiting a longitudinal axis of bilateral symmetry around which the embryonic structures and their organs will be aligned. From this moment on, the embryo will have a rostral (cephalic) and caudal (tail) region as well as a left and right side and a dorsal (back) and ventral (front) surface. From the folding of the neural plate or neurulation, the neural tube and the development of the entire nervous system will be formed.

The neural tube is tubular structure that undergoes modifications and will give rise to a central nervous system structure (encephalon and spinal cord).  The neurulation process begins by means of signals sent by the dorsal mesoderm and pharyngeal endoderm to the ectodermal cells located above these germ layers. These signals cause this area of the ectoderm to elongate into a columnar plate of cells. The elongation allows the differentiation of the cells of the future neural plate, with respect to the pre-epidermal cells surrounding the area.

So, the neural tube is formed by invagination from the dorsal region of the ectoderm (neural plate) induced by the notochord while it is forming. This occurs at the beginning of the third week of conception by a process called neurulation.

explain how typical cells are adapted to their function​

Answers

Answer:

Many cells are specialized. They have structure that are adapted to their function. For eg : muscle cells bring parts of the body together. They contain protein fibres that can contract when energy is available, making the cells shorter.

55:57
Which was not a result of the 1898 discovery of the four blood types and advances made during the two World Wars?
improved blood transfusion safety
effective blood preservation solutions developed
ability to separate different parts of blood for different uses
all blood types made compatible with each other

Answers

Answer:

i don't know

Explanation:

i don't know

Suppose that you close a window because you notice that rain is falling. Your action in closing the window is a(n)

A. involuntary reaction.
B. depressant.
C. stimulus.
D. response.

Answers

Answer:

D. Response

Explanation:

Basically, You Are Coordinating What Is Happening Which Triggers The Brain For A Response.

Answer:

D.

Explanation:

You are responding to the rain by closing the window.

- it is not an involuntary action because that is something that doesn't require thinking such as breathing and blinking.

- it is not a depressant because that is something that reduces functional activity - so affects the body.

- it is not a stimulus because a stimulus is a change or signal in the environment that can make an organism react. So, in this case the rain would be the stimulus.

bag of skin surrounding the testes is called​

Answers

Answer:

[tex]{ \pmb{it \: is \: called \: a \: scrotum}}[/tex]

Answer: boao quy dâufd nha bận iod

Explanation:

Hello.
All of the DNA in the nucleus of a cell can potentially be mutated?

True or false?

I will give brainly

Answers

I think that it is true

Answer: True. Yes it could potentially be mutated.

Explanation:

In Gregor Mendel's work with pea plants, he found that when a tall pea plant, with genes TT, was crossed with a short pea plant, with genes tt, that _____ % of the first generation of offspring plants were _____.

Answers

Answer:

In Gregor Mendel's work with pea plants, he found that when a tall pea plant, with genes TT, was crossed with a short pea plant, with genes tt, that _100_ % of the first generation of offspring plants were tall pea plant_.

Explanation:

After crossing the two types of plants, Mendel observed that among the F1 there were only tall variants, while the other variant (short) disappeared. Mendel named "dominant" the expressed variant. Mendel then let these new plants auto pollinate and observed the results in the second generation, F2. He saw that the short variant that had previously disappeared, reappeared again. Both tall and short plants were present in the F2. Mendel named "recessive" the second alternative variant.

Mendel explained his results by arguing that discrete factors were responsible for these phenotypes. These factors should have been present in the F1 in pairs. One of them came from one parental plant, and the other factor came from the other plant. These factors then separated again when sex cells were produced, giving two types of gametes, each with only one factor.

Mendel concluded that each plant had a pair of factors -which he named alleles-, and that each factor coded for one trait -tall and short-. He thought that these factors -T and t- separate -segregate- during gamete formation. This conclusion is known as the segregation principle (First Mendels´ Low).

The toxins responsible for botulism are proteins that inhibit the release of acetylcholine, which in turn can cause muscle paralysis. In extreme cases the paralysis can involve the respiratory muscles, and people can die of respiratory failure. This mechanisms of action indicates that the toxins are

Answers

Answer:

Poisonous substance.

Explanation:

This mechanisms of action indicates that the toxins are the poisonous substance which attacks on the respiratory system of the body that leads to the respiratory failure. Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system which is the part of the autonomic nervous system that contracts smooth muscles so inhibition of the release of Acetylcholine is the main cause of paralysis.

The immunoglobulin light chain does not have a D segment. In humans, there are two different possible light chain proteins, termed kappa and lambda. Assume that there are 35 V segments and 5 J segments in the human kappa light chain region, and there are 30 V segments and 4 J segments in the human lambda light chain region. How many possible light chain genes can be created from these different segments, simply due to combinatorial diversity

Answers

Answer:

295  

Explanation:

Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins) are immune system-related proteins that circulate in the bloodstream in order to recognize pathogenic harmful substances (antigens) and neutralize them. An antibody consists of two immunoglobulin heavy chains and two immunoglobulin light chains. There are two types of immunoglobulin light chains: 1-the kappa (κ) light chain, which is encoded by the immunoglobulin κ locus; and 2-the lambda (λ) light chain, which is encoded by the immunoglobulin λ locus. The immunoglobulin light chain is a multidomain protein composed of two domains: 1- the N-terminal variable (V) domain and 2-the C-terminal constant (C) domain. V(D)J recombination is a type of somatic rearrangement process by which T and B cells can assemble different gene segments, which are referred to as variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) gene segments. In the question above the number of possible genomic recombination events between immunoglobulin gene segments can be calculated as >> (5 x 35) + (4 x 30) = 295.

Using the field of view calculated in Exercise 1 for the high power lens, what is the approximate diameter of each of the cells in the Bacteria Coccus Form slide in Photo 10? Show your calculations.
400x Magnification
0.4 mm field view

Answers

Answer:

i thinks

Explanation:

400x

0.4mm

lens

Which of these is the best definition of sustainable development?
A. Development that makes sure buildings are strong enough to sustain large hurricanes and earthquakes
B. Development that's typical of underdeveloped nations that derive their products directly from nature
C. Development that's supported by public opinion
D. Development that ensures the protection of the environment in the long term

Answers

Answer:

option D

Explanation:

is the correct answer

Development which basically ensures the protection of the environment in the long term is sustainable development. The correct option is D.

What is sustainable development?

Sustainable development is defined as growth that fulfills the requirements of the moment without jeopardizing future generations' capacity to meet their own needs.

The financial, social, and environmental measurements of sustainable development are examined.

The authors contend that material-intensive conventional productivity recovery is unsustainable in the long term unless environmental and social factors are prioritized equally.

Environmental protection aims to preserve as well as restore a healthy natural environment.

Sustainable development incorporates ecologic, social, and economic goals in order to achieve long-term equitable growth that benefits both the present and the future.

Thus, the correct option is D.

For more details regarding sustainable development, visit:

https://brainly.com/question/341749

#SPJ2

In classical conditioning _____ is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US). (Pyscology)

Answers

Answer:

unconditioned response

Explanation:

here is the answer..

sinanthropus pekinenis was victim of cannibalism

Answers

yes he was he was a victim on cannibalism

What is a difference between complete metamorphosis and incomplete metamorphosis?

Two stages of a butterfly's life cyles are described below.

Stage 1: The caterpillar sheds its skin as it grows.
Stage 2: The butterfly breaks out of the chrysalis.

Which statement is true about the stages?

Answers

Answer:

stage. 1

Explanation:

stage.1 it is right

Answer:

Stage 1 is the larva stage and Stage 2 is the adult stage.

Explanation:

The numbers of each genotype of mice in the questions above shows that there are more dark mice living on the dark substrate and more light mice living on the light colored substrate. But when we consider comparative overall fitness for the entire area, which fur color seems to have the greatest overall selective advantage, and why

Answers

Answer:

Dark colour.

Explanation:

Dark fur color seems to have the greatest selective advantage because of their hard physical body which occurs due to extreme environmental conditions. The dark colour of mice occurs due to the high intensity of sunlight which increases melanin in their skin. These dark colour mice pass through a very hard and extreme environmental conditions so that's why Dark fur color seems to have the greatest selective advantage.

In terms of the hierarchical scales of biological organization, __1__ are a very large scale, __2__ are a very small scale, and __3__ is between them.

Answers

Answer:

ecosystem, and biosphere

organelle and cells

tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities,

Explanation:

In terms of the hierarchical scales of biological organization, ecosystem, and biosphere are a very large scale,  organelle and cells are a very small scale, and tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations and communities, are present between them. The biological levels of organization of living things arranged from the simplest to most complex are organelle, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystem, and biosphere.

Need answer ASAP! A car runs out of gas and slowly coasts to a stop. This is an example of the following?
O A. short time, small force
B. long time, small force
O c. short time, large force
D. long time, large force

Answers

They were is definitely long time

Answer: long time, small force

What is produced during the replacement reaction of Ba(NO3)2 and Na2SO4?

2BaNa + 2NO3SO4
2NaNO3 + BaSO4
NaNO3 + BaSO4
BaNa2 + (NO3)2SO4

Answers

Answer:

2NaNO3 + BaSO4

Explanation:

Answer:

2NaNO3 + BaSO4

Explanation:

Hydrocarbons are burned to produce water and carbon dioxide. Propane (C3H8) is a homologous series alkane that belongs to the hydrocarbon family. As a result, when propane is burned, three molecules of carbon dioxide and four molecules of water are produced.

Because there is an overabundance of oxygen, carbon dioxide is created when butane is completely burned.

all dicots are annuals true or false​

Answers

Dicots include annuals, biennials, vines, epiphytes (or air plants), parasitic plants, saprotrophs (such as mushrooms and molds) and aquatic plants. ... Microscopic pores on dicot leaf surfaces are usually scattered.

Answer: The answer is false

Linda received the flu vaccine this year.

Which of the following statements is true?


Linda's T-cells will produce memory cells against the virus.


Linda's body will produce antigens against the flu virus.


Linda's immune system will produce lifelong immunity against any form of the flu.


Linda's immune system will produce antibodies against the flu virus.

Answers

Answer:

Linda's immune system will produce antibodies against the flu virus

Answer:

Linda's immune system will produce antibodies against the flu virus

HOPE THIS HELPS

HAVE A GOOD DAY OR NIGHT

The mutation of a cell for a specific function is called

Answers

Explanation:

A gene variant if functionof mutation

Answer:

A gene variant for a specific function

What is breathing in science

Answers

Answer:

Breathing, the action of moving air or water across the surface of a respiratory structure, such as a gill or lung, to facilitate respiration (the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the environment).

Explanation:

If you were given the power to control the United States government and policy what changes would you make regarding the environment and how would you fund these? You can consider your response to the question and/or include other issues.

Answers

Answer:

i would probably fund different jails using taxes. there's absolutely no reason someone who accidently committed tax fraud should be sitting in the same cell as aconvicted murderer. & abd I would make harder consequences for hate crimes. like jail time.

. Plants prepare their food on their............(leaves\roots)​

Answers

Plants prepare their from from their LEAVES.

This mechanism is called photosynthesis

Salt minerals formed by which method

Answers

Answer:

solar, evaporation, and rock mining.

Explanation:

On a plant, stomates are small openings that regulate the passage of air and water vapor to and from the plant. Generally, the stomates open during sunlight and exchange gases with the atmosphere. The stomates of a few specialized desert plants can open only at night. The best explanation for the pattern of stomate opening and closing is that the desert plants are adapted to protect against
(1) harmful insects
(2) dust particles
(3) destructive plant disease
(4) excess water loss
(5) total energy loss

Please help me somebody answer this.

Answers

Answer:

4

Explanation:

this is because when the stomata opens during the day it would lose much water to the atmosphere so it tends to open during the night and close during the day

the answer is 4 because The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the leaf (as well as the loss of water vapor in transpiration) occurs through pores called stomata (singular = stoma). Normally stomata open when the light strikes the leaf in the morning and close during the night.

Nutrient Food source Role in the body Vitamin A Iron Iodine Vitamin D Protein​

Answers

Answer:

There are seven main classes of nutrients that the body needs. These are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fibre and water. It is important that everyone consumes these seven nutrients on a daily basis to help them build their bodies and maintain their health.

these are the 7 main classes of Nutrition that the body needs hope it will help you

The large number of alveoli in lungs improve gas exchange by ________. increasing the surface area for diffusion decreasing the distance for diffusion changing the diffusion constant increasing the concentration difference

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

The large number of alveoli in lungs improve gas exchange by . increasing the surface area for diffusion

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