Consider CO at 500 K and 1000 kPa at an initial state that expands to a final pressure of 200 kPa in an isentropic manner. Report the final temperature in units of K and using three significant digits.

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

[tex]T_2=315.69k[/tex]

Explanation:

Initial Temperature [tex]T_1=500K[/tex]

Initial Pressure [tex]P_1=1000kPa[/tex]

Final Pressure [tex]P_2=200kPa[/tex]

Generally the gas equation is mathematically given by

[tex]\frac{T_2}{T_1}=\frac{P_2}{P_1}^{\frac{n-1}{n}}[/tex]

Where

n for [tex]CO=1.4[/tex]

Therefore

[tex]\frac{T_2}{500}=\frac{200}{1000}^{\frac{1.4-1}{1.4}}[/tex]

[tex]T_2=315.69k[/tex]


Related Questions

Tech A says that the voltage regulator controls the strength of the rotor s magnetic field. Tech B says that the voltage regulator is installed between the output terminal of the alternator and the positive terminal of the battery. Who is correct?

Answers

Answer:

Voltage Regulator

Technician A is correct.

Explanation:

Technician B is not correct.  The voltage regulator is not installed between the output terminal of the alternator and the positive terminal of the battery as claimed by Technician B.  Technician A's opinion that the voltage regulator controls the strength of the rotor's magnetic field is correct.  The computer can also be used to control the output of the alternator by controlling the field current.

Troy must keep track of the amount of refrigerant he uses from a 50-pound cylinder to ensure that accurate
records are kept. He used 13 pounds on a systein for Ms. Jones and 9 pounds on a system for a commercial
client. How many pounds should he have left in the cylinder?
tof
Troy should have
pounds of refrigerant left in the cylinder.
baon naid Thamar basic
محمود احمد مجد
12
اهداء ما در

Answers

Answer:

Amount of gas still in cylinder = 28 pound

Explanation:

Given:

Amount of gas in cylinder = 50 pound

Amount of gas used in Ms. Jones system = 13 pound

Amount of gas used in client system = 9 pound

Find:

Amount of gas still in cylinder

Computation:

Amount of gas still in cylinder = Amount of gas in cylinder - Amount of gas used in Ms. Jones system - Amount of gas used in client system

Amount of gas still in cylinder = 50 - 13 - 9

Amount of gas still in cylinder = 28 pound

A bird is flying in air. It is stretching its wings all along the sky and is flying in a certain direction Flying a bird is an example of: a. Composition of vector b. Collinear vector c. Addition of vector d. Multiplication of vector

Answers

Answer:

a. Composition of Vector.

Explanation:

When a bird flies in the air, it stretches its wings into air and this movement helps it move in a certain direction. This is an example of composition of vector. Air strikes the wings in opposite direction and bird wing movement helps it move against the wind.

Race cars at the Indianapolis Speedway average speeds of 185 mi/h. After determining the altitude of Indianapolis, find the Mach number of these cars and estimate whether compressibility might affect their aerodynamics.

Answers

Answer:

- the Mach number is 0.24.

- Compressibility becomes effective when Mach number is greater than 0.3, the Mach number of the race cars is less than 0.3, hence, compressibility will not affect their aerodynamics.

Explanation:

Given the data in the question;

Average speed V = 185 miles per hour = ( 185 /2.237 ) m/s = 82.7 m/s

From Almanac, we can find that Indianapolis is at 220 m altitude.

So from table, at that altitude, the standard speed of sound will be 339.4 m/s .

Mach number of the race car will be;

Mach Number = Velocity / sound speed

we substitute

Mach Number = ( 82.7 m/s ) / ( 339.4 m/s )

Mach Number = 0.24

Therefore the Mach number is 0.24.

We know that, compressibility becomes effective when the Mach number is greater than 0.3.

Since the Mach number of the race cars is less than 0.3, compressibility will not affect their aerodynamics.

 

A power cycle receives QH by heat transfer from a hot reservoir at TH = 1200 K and rejects energy QC by heat transfer to a cold reservoir at TC = 400 K. For each of the following cases, determine whether the cycle operates reversibly, operates irreversibly, or is impossible.

a.QH = 900 kJ, Wcycle= 450 kJ
b. QH = 900 kJ, Qc = 300 kJ
c. Weycle = 600 kJ, Qc= 400 kJ
d. η = 75%

Answers

Answer:

a) Irreversible, b) Reversible, c) Irreversible, d) Impossible.

Explanation:

Maximum theoretical efficiency for a power cycle ([tex]\eta_{r}[/tex]), no unit, is modelled after the Carnot Cycle, which represents a reversible thermodynamic process:

[tex]\eta_{r} = \left(1-\frac{T_{C}}{T_{H}} \right)\times 100\,\%[/tex] (1)

Where:

[tex]T_{C}[/tex] - Temperature of the cold reservoir, in Kelvin.

[tex]T_{H}[/tex] - Temperature of the hot reservoir, in Kelvin.

The maximum theoretical efficiency associated with this power cycle is: ([tex]T_{C} = 400\,K[/tex], [tex]T_{H} = 1200\,K[/tex])

[tex]\eta_{r} = \left(1-\frac{400\,K}{1200\,K} \right)\times 100\,\%[/tex]

[tex]\eta_{r} = 66.667\,\%[/tex]

In exchange, real efficiency for a power cycle ([tex]\eta[/tex]), no unit, is defined by this expression:

[tex]\eta = \left(1-\frac{Q_{C}}{Q_{H}}\right) \times 100\,\% = \left(\frac{W_{C}}{Q_{H}} \right)\times 100\,\% = \left(\frac{W_{C}}{Q_{C} + W_{C}} \right)\times 100\,\%[/tex] (2)

Where:

[tex]Q_{C}[/tex] - Heat released to cold reservoir, in kilojoules.

[tex]Q_{H}[/tex] - Heat gained from hot reservoir, in kilojoules.

[tex]W_{C}[/tex] - Power generated within power cycle, in kilojoules.

A power cycle operates irreversibly for [tex]\eta < \eta_{r}[/tex], reversibily for [tex]\eta = \eta_{r}[/tex] and it is impossible for [tex]\eta > \eta_{r}[/tex].

Now we proceed to solve for each case:

a) [tex]Q_{H} = 900\,kJ[/tex], [tex]W_{C} = 450\,kJ[/tex]

[tex]\eta = \left(\frac{450\,kJ}{900\,kJ} \right)\times 100\,\%[/tex]

[tex]\eta = 50\,\%[/tex]

Since [tex]\eta < \eta_{r}[/tex], the power cycle operates irreversibly.

b) [tex]Q_{H} = 900\,kJ[/tex], [tex]Q_{C} = 300\,kJ[/tex]

[tex]\eta = \left(1-\frac{300\,kJ}{900\,kJ} \right)\times 100\,\%[/tex]

[tex]\eta = 66.667\,\%[/tex]

Since [tex]\eta = \eta_{r}[/tex], the power cycle operates reversibly.

c) [tex]W_{C} = 600\,kJ[/tex], [tex]Q_{C} = 400\,kJ[/tex]

[tex]\eta = \left(\frac{600\,kJ}{600\,kJ + 400\,kJ} \right)\times 100\,\%[/tex]

[tex]\eta = 60\,\%[/tex]

Since [tex]\eta < \eta_{r}[/tex], the power cycle operates irreversibly.

d) Since [tex]\eta > \eta_{r}[/tex], the power cycle is impossible.

The purification of hydrogen gas is possible by diffusion through a thin palladium sheet. Calculate the number of kilograms of hydrogen that pass per hour (in kg/h) through a 4.0-mm thick sheet of palladium having an area of 0.25 m^2 at 500°C. Assume a diffusion coefficient of 6.0 x 10^-8 m^2/s, that the concentrations at the high- and low-pressure sides of the plate are 3.5 and 0.25 kg/m^3 (kilogram of hydrogen per cubic meter of palladium), and that steady-state conditions have been attained. (clearly show your solution step by step, pay attention to units otherwise you will lose points!)

Answers

Man I don't have a clue, but this stuff sounds interesting

A 35kg block of mass is subjected to forces F1=100N and F2=75N at agive angle thetha= 20° and 35° respectively.find the distance it slides in 10seconds if the kinetic coefficient is 0.4.

Answers

Answer:

21 m

Explanation:

Since F₁ = 100 N and acts at an angle of 20° to the horizontal, it has horizontal component F₁' = 100cos20° = 93.97 N and vertical component F₁" = 100sin20° = 34.2 N.

Also, F₂ = 75 N and acts at an angle of -35° to the horizontal, it has horizontal component F₂' = 75cos(-35°) = 75cos35° = 61.44 N and vertical component F₂" = 75sin(-35°) = -75sin35° = -43.02 N

The resultant horizontal force F₃' = F₁' + F₂' = 93.97 N + 61.44 N = 155.41 N

The resultant vertical force F₃" = F₁" + F₂" = 34.2 N - 43.02 N = -8.82 N

If f is the frictional force on the block, the net horizontal force on the block is F = F₃' - f.

Since f = μN where μ = coefficient of kinetic friction = 0.4 and N = normal force on the block.

For the block to be in contact with the surface, the vertical forces on the block must balance.

Since the normal force, N must equal the resultant vertical force F₃" and the weight, W = mg of the object for a zero net vertical force,

N = mg + F₃" (since both the weight and the resultant vertical force act downwards)

N = mg + F₃"

Since m = mass of block = 35 kg and g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 m/s² and F₃" = 8.82 N

So,

N = mg + F₃"

N = 35 kg × 9.8 m/s² + 8.82 N

N = 343 N + 8.82 N

N = 351.82 N

So, the net horizontal force F = F₃' - f.

F = 155.41 N - 0.4 × 351.82 N

F = 155.41 N - 140.728 N

F = 14.682 N

Since F = ma, where a = acceleration of block,

a = F/m = 14.682 N/35 kg = 0.42 m/s²

To find the distance the block moved, x we use the equation

x = ut + 1/2at² where u = initial speed of block = 0 m/s, t = time = 10 s and a = acceleration of block = 0.42 m/s²

Substituting the values of the variables into the equation, we have

x = ut + 1/2at²

x = 0 m/s × 10 s + 1/2 × 0.42 m/s² × (10 s)²

x = 0 m + 1/2 × 0.42 m/s² × 100 s²

x = 0.21 m/s² × 100 s²

x = 21 m

So, the distance moved by the block is 21 m.

Urgent!!!
List the assumptions that can be taken into account in torsion analysis.​

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

In the development of a torsion formula for a circular shaft, the following assumptions are made: Material of the shaft is homogeneous throughout the length of the shaft. Shaft is straight and of uniform circular cross section over its length. Torsion is constant along the length of the shaft.

What is protection scheme?

Answers

Answer:

The objective of a protection scheme is to keep the power system stable by isolating only the components that are under fault, whilst leaving as much of the network as possible still in operation.

Explanation:

The devices that are used to protect the power systems from faults are called protection devices.

Write the code using the do-while loop to force the user to enter a number in the range [20,50]

Answers

Answer:

Mark as brainlist pls hello

Uses of P-N junction

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

Two that come to mind:

a semiconductor diode is essentially a PN junctiona transistor is made of two pn junctions.

hỗ trợ mình với được không các bạn

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

Be bop

8.50 nC of charge is uniformly distributed along a thin rod of length L = 9.20 cm, which is then bent into a semicircle. What is the magnitude of the electric field at the center of the circle​

Answers

The answer would be 8.65

The base of an aluminum block, which is fixed in place, measures 90 cm by 90 cm, and the height of the block is 60 cm. A force, applied to the upper face and parallel to it, produces a shear strain of 0.0060. The shear modulus of aluminum is . What is the displacement of the upper face in the direction of the applied force

Answers

The question is incomplete. The complete question is :

The base of an aluminum block, which is fixed in place, measures 90 cm by 90 cm, and the height of the block is 60 cm. A force, applied to the upper face and parallel to it, produces a shear strain of 0.0060. The shear modulus of aluminum is [tex]3.0 \times 10^{10} \ Pa[/tex] . What is the displacement of the upper face in the direction of the applied force?

Solution :

The relation between shear modulus, shear stress and strain,

[tex]$\text{Shear modulus, S =} \frac{\text{Shear stress}}{\text{shear strain}}$[/tex]

Shear stress = shear modulus (S) x shear strain

                     [tex]$=3 \times 10^{10} \times 0.0060$[/tex]

                     [tex]$=1.80 \times 10^8$[/tex] Pa

                     [tex]$=180 \times 10^6$[/tex] Pa

                     [tex]$=180 \ MPa$[/tex]

The length represents the distance between the fixed in place portion and where the force is being applied.

Therefore,

[tex]$\text{Displacement} = \text{shear strain} \times \text{length}$[/tex]

                     = 0.006 x 60 cm

                      = 0.360 cm

                      = 3.6 mm

Thus, the displacement of the upper face is 3.6 mm in the direction of the applied force.

A glass tube is inserted into a flowing stream of water with one opening directed upstream and the other end vertical. If the water velocity is 3 m/s, how high will the water rise in the vertical leg relative to the level of the water surface of the stream?

Answers

Answer:

[tex]h=0.46m[/tex]

Explanation:

From the question we are told that:

Velocity of water [tex]V=3m/s[/tex]

Height=?

Generally, the equation for Water Velocity is mathematically given by

[tex]V=\sqrt{2gh}[/tex]

Therefore Height h is given as

[tex]h=\frac{v}{2g}[/tex]

[tex]h=\frac{3^2}{2*9.81}[/tex]

[tex]h=0.46m[/tex]

17- The cathodic polarization is ..... *
O
a- activation.
O
b- concentration
O c- both.

Answers

I think its c the both one

Which statement describes the relay between minerals and rocks ?

Answers

Answer:

•○●□■hey hi!■□●○•

Explanation:

Minerals and rocks are the same. Aggregates of minerals form rocks. Minerals determine the texture of a rock. Most rocks are made of a single mineral type.

☆♡hope this helps♡☆

the heat treatment process depends on 3 steps according to the time-temperature cycle. Name and Briefly describe each one​

Answers

Explanation:

there are three stages of heat treatment

1.hit the metal slowly to ensure that the metal maintains a uniform temperature

2.soak or hold the metal at a specific temperature for a alloted period of time

3.cool the metal to room temperature

what is an OTG USB? how is it useful ​

Answers

Answer:

An OTG or On The Go adapter (sometimes called an OTG cable, or OTG connector) allows you to connect a full sized USB flash drive or USB A cable to your phone or tablet through the Micro USB or USB-C charging port

Explanation:

pls mark brainliest

Plexiglas, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), is often used as display windows and cases in art galleries and museums. If its flame imparts 32 kW/m^2 to the surface when it burns estimate the energy release rate of a 3 m^2 square sheet (one side). Assume its vaporization temperature is 350°C. Calculate with units, provide work.

Answers

This question is incomplete, the complete question is;

Plexiglas, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), is often used as display windows and cases in art galleries and museums. If its flame imparts 32 kW/m^2 to the surface when it burns estimate the energy release rate of a 3 m^2 square sheet (one side). Assume its vaporization temperature is 350°C. Calculate with units, provide work.

a ⇒ [tex]q_{rad[/tex] = σT⁴, where σ = 5.67 × 10⁻¹¹ kW/m².K⁴

b ⇒ [tex]q"[/tex] = [tex]q_{flame[/tex] -  [tex]q_{rad[/tex]

c ⇒ [tex]m"[/tex] =  [tex]q"[/tex]/L, where L = 1.6 kJ/g

d ⇒ Q =  [tex]m"[/tex] × A × ΔHc, where ΔHc is 24.9 kJ/g

Answer:

a) [tex]q_{rad[/tex] = 8.54 kW/m²

b) [tex]q"[/tex] = 23.46 kW/m²

c) [tex]m"[/tex] = 14.6625 g/m²

d) Q = 1095.2888 kJ

Explanation:

Given the data in the question;

[tex]q_{flame[/tex] = 32 kW/m²

Area; A = 3m²

vaporization temperature; T = 350°C = ( 350 + 273 )K = 623 K

Now,

a) ⇒ [tex]q_{rad[/tex] = σT⁴, where σ = 5.67 × 10¹¹ kW/m².K⁴

we substitute

[tex]q_{rad[/tex] = ( 5.67 × 10⁻¹¹ kW/m².K⁴ ) × ( 623 K)⁴

[tex]q_{rad[/tex] = ( 5.67 × 10⁻¹¹ kW/m².K⁴ ) × 150644120641 K⁴

[tex]q_{rad[/tex] = 8.54 kW/m²

b) ⇒ [tex]q"[/tex] = [tex]q_{flame[/tex] - [tex]q_{rad[/tex]

we substitute

[tex]q"[/tex] = 32 kW/m² - 8.54 kW/m²

[tex]q"[/tex] = 23.46 kW/m²

c) ⇒ [tex]m"[/tex] =  [tex]q"[/tex]/L, where L = 1.6 kJ/g

we substitute

[tex]m"[/tex] =  23.46 / 1.6

[tex]m"[/tex] = 14.6625 g/m²

d) ⇒ Q =  [tex]m"[/tex] × A × ΔHc, where ΔHc is 24.9 kJ/g

we substitute

Q =  14.6625 × 3 × 24.9

Q = 1095.2888 kJ

Suppose that you have a block of copper which is 300 g. Relevant material parameters follow.

Material atomic weight Density
Copper 63.5 g/mol 8.96 g/cm^3

Using equipartition, compute the molar heat capacity in J/mol K.

Answers

Answer:

[tex]C_v= 24.942[/tex] J / mol K

Explanation:

Molar Heat Capacity

using the equipartition, the equation :

[tex]$C_v=\frac{d}{2} R$[/tex]

Here, [tex]C_v[/tex] = molar heat capacity

          d = degree of freedom

          R = Universal gas constant

Degree of freedom, d is 6          

Universal gas constant, R = 8.317 J/ mol K

Therefore, the molar heat capacity is :

[tex]$C_v=\frac{d}{2} R$[/tex]

[tex]$C_v=\frac{6}{2} \times 8.314$[/tex]

[tex]C_v= 24.942[/tex] J / mol K

beacuse thye want them to hav egoood and thye wn thme tto

Answers

Answer:

I don't understand the question

I don’t understand what your asking

g A motor driving a 1000-W water pump has a power factor of 0.80 lagging; a second motor driving a 600-W water pump has a power factor of 0.60 lagging assuming the motors are working under 120- Vrms, 60-HZ AC. (a) When both motors working together what is combined power factor

Answers

complete Question

A motor driving a 1000-W water pump has a power factor of 0.80 lagging; a second motor driving a 600-W water pump has a power factor of 0.60 lagging assuming the motors are working under 120-Vrms, 60-HZAC. When both motors working together what is the combined power factor? If a 200-μF capacitor is connected to the above system (two motors) what is the new combined power factor?

Answer:

[tex]p.f'=0.960[/tex]

Explanation:

First motor Power [tex]P=1000W[/tex]

First motor Power factor [tex]P.f=0.80[/tex]

Second motor Power [tex]P=600W[/tex]

Second motor Power factor p.f=0.60

Voltage [tex]V=120Vrms[/tex]

Frequency [tex]F=60Hz[/tex]

Capacitor [tex]C=200\mu F[/tex]

Generally power in Var is given as

For First Motor

[tex]Q=\frac{1000}{0.8}\sqrt{1-0.8^2}[/tex]

[tex]Q=750Var[/tex]

For Second Motor

[tex]Q=\frac{600}{0.6}\sqrt{1-0.6^2}[/tex]

[tex]Q=800Var[/tex]

Generally the equation for The Reactive Power is mathematically given by

[tex]Q_c=\frac{V^2}{X_c}[/tex]

Where

[tex]X_c=\frac{1}{2 \pi fc}[/tex]

[tex]X_c=\frac{1}{2 \pi 60*200*10^{-6} }[/tex]

[tex]X_c=13.3[/tex]

Therefore

[tex]Q_c=-\frac{120^2}{13.3}\\\\Q_c=-1085.97j[/tex]

Giving

Total Power Drawn by Supply

[tex]P_t=(1000+j750)+(600+800)-j1085.97[/tex]

[tex]P_t=1600+464.03j[/tex]

Therefore

[tex]p.f'=\frac{1600}{\sqrt{1600^2+464.03^2}}[/tex]

[tex]p.f'=0.960[/tex]

You are given a pot of hot tea (350 mL) at a temperature of 85°C and a quantity of ice at -12°C. Determine the absolute minimum amount of ice you can add to the hot tea so that at equilibrium you have iced tea (ie. a very, very small amount of ice and some water). You can assume tea has the same density (1.00 g/mL) and specific heat (4190 J/kgK) as liquid water. The heat of fusion of H2O is 3.33x10^5 J/kg. The specific heat of ice is 2090 J/kgK.

Answers

Answer:

348 g

Explanation:

The heat gained by the ice equals the heat lost by the hot tea.

Also, since we require a very, very small amount of ice and some water, to still have some ice, the temperature of the hot tea has to decrease to the melting point of ice which is 0°C. So, the final temperature of the mixture is 0 °C.

So, mc(T - T') + mL = -MC(T - T") where m = mass of ice, c =  specific heat of ice = 2090 J/kgK., T = final temperature of mixture = 0 °C, T' = initial temperature of ice = -12 °C, L = heat of fusion of H2O = 3.33 × 10⁵ J/kg, M = mass of hot tea = ρV where ρ = density of tea = 1.00 g/mL and V = volume of hot tea = 350 mL. So, M = ρV = 1.00 g/mL × 350 mL = 350 g = 0.350 kg, C = specific heat of tea = 4190 J/kgK and T" = initial temperature of tea = 85 °C.

Making m subject of the formula, we have

mc(T - T') + mL = -MC(T - T")

m[c(T - T') + L] = -MC(T - T")  

m = -MC(T - T")/[c(T - T') + L]

substituting the values of the variables into the equation, we have

m = -MC(T - T")/[c(T - T') + L]

m = -0.350 kg × 4190 J/kgK(0 °C - 85 °C.)/[2090 J/kgK(0 °C. - (-12 °C)) + 3.33 × 10⁵ J/kg]

m = -1466.5 J/kK(- 85 °C)/[2090 J/kgK(0 °C + 12 °C)) + 3.33 × 10⁵ J/kg]

m = 124652.5 J/[2090 J/kgK(12 °C) + 3.33 × 10⁵ J/kg]

m = 124652.5 J/[25080 J/kg + 3.33 × 10⁵ J/kg]

m = 124652.5 J/358080 J/kg

m = 0.3481 kg

m = 348.1 g

m ≅ 348 g

So, the minimum amount of ice to be added is 348 g.

what is tracer lathe machine​

Answers

Answer: The tracer lathe is a roughing operation for the output shaft on rear wheel drive transmissions.

Explanation:

if a person is injured at the hospital during a natural disaster a correct action to take is ​

Answers

first check that you and the casualty aren't in any danger. If you are, make the situation safe. When it's safe to do so, assess the casualty and, if necessary, dial 999 or 112 for an ambulance. You can then carry out basic first aid and shift to another hospital




That’s what I learnt sooo..

deep invasion lead to???

Answers

Answer:

2

Explanation:

usjshshshjeoeieieiiekeiekeiekekekekekkske

Answer:

2

Explanation:

High separation between deep...........

While reflecting on the solutions and the process of concept generation, the development team takes a look at some critical questions such as:________.
1. Is the team developing confidence that the solution space has been fully explored?
2. Are there alternative diagrams and alternative ways to decompose the problem?
3. Have external sources been thoroughly pursued, and everyone’s ideas been accepted and integrated in the process?
4. All of the above

Answers

Answer:

While reflecting on the solutions and the process of concept generation, the development team takes a look at some critical questions such as:________.

4. All of the above

Explanation:

The team must explore its solution space, including some external sources. Then, it must integrate its findings with the ideas of team members, ensuring the consideration of all possible ways to decompose the problem. This is because employing a structured process to concept generation enables the team to come up with creative solutions to design concepts.

Theo Anh / Chị, để đáp ứng yêu cầu phát triển nền kinh tế thị trường định hướng Xã hội Chủ nghĩa ở Việt Nam trong bối cảnh thời đại hiện nay, cần chú trọng giải quyết những vấn đề gì ?

Answers

Nền kinh tế thị trường định hướng xã hội chủ nghĩa là nền kinh tế hàng hoá nhiều thành phần do thị trường điều tiết, bao gồm sở hữu tư nhân, tập thể và nhà nước về tư liệu sản xuất. Tuy nhiên, khu vực nhà nước và các doanh nghiệp thuộc sở hữu tập thể tạo thành xương sống của nền kinh tế.


tôi nghĩ


What are three types of land reform ​

Answers

Answer:

Abolition of intermediaries (rent collectors under the pre-Independence land revenue system); Tenancy regulation (to improve the contractual terms including the security of tenure); A ceiling on landholdings (to redistributing surplus land to the landless);

Types of Land Reform

Abolition of Intermediaries

The first step taken by the Indian government under land reforms post-independence was passing the Zamindari Abolition Act. The primary reason of a backward agrarian economy was the presence of intermediate entities like, jagirdars and zamindar who primarily focussed on collecting sky-rocketing rents catering to their personal benefits, without paying attention to the disposition of farms and farmers. Abolition of such intermediaries not only improved conditions of farmers by establishing their direct connection with the government but also improved agricultural production.

Regulation of Rents

This was in direct response to the unimaginably high rents which were charged by intermediaries during British rule, which resulted in a never-ending cycle of poverty and misery for tenants. Indian government implemented these regulations to protect farmers and labourers from exploitation by placing a maximum limit on the rent that could be charged for land.

Tenure Security

Legislations were passed in all states of the country to grant tenants with permanent ownership of lands and protection from unlawful evictions on expiry of the lease. This law protects tenants from having to vacate a property immediately after their tenure is over unless ordered by law. Even in that case, ownership can be regained by tenants with the excuse of personal cultivation.

Other Questions
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