Answer:
Simplified diagram of pyruvate oxidation. Pyruvate—three carbons—is converted to acetyl CoA, a two-carbon molecule attached to coenzyme A. A molecule of coenzyme A is a necessary reactant for this reaction, which releases a molecule of carbon dioxide and reduces a NAD+ to NADH.
Simplified diagram of pyruvate oxidation. Pyruvate—three carbons—is converted to acetyl CoA, a two-carbon molecule attached to coenzyme A. A molecule of coenzyme A is a necessary reactant for this reaction, which releases a molecule of carbon dioxide and reduces a NAD+ to NADH.
In eukaryotes, this step takes place in the matrix, the innermost compartment of mitochondria. In prokaryotes, it happens in the cytoplasm. Overall, pyruvate oxidation converts pyruvate—a three-carbon molecule—into acetyl two-carbon molecule attached to Coenzyme A—producing an t, N, A, D, H, end text and releasing one carbon dioxide molecule in the process. Acetyl C, o, A, end text acts as fuel for the citric acid cycle in the next stage of cellular respiration.
Pyruvate oxidation steps
Pyruvate is produced by glycolysis in the cytoplasm, but pyruvate oxidation takes place in the mitochondrial matrix (in eukaryotes). So, before the chemical reactions can begin, pyruvate must enter the mitochondrion, crossing its inner membrane and arriving at the matrix.
In the matrix, pyruvate is modified in a series of steps:
More detailed diagram of the mechanism of pyruvate oxidation.
1. A carboxyl group is removed from pyruvate and released as carbon dioxide.
2. The two-carbon molecule from the first step is oxidized, and NAD+ accepts the electrons to form NADH.
3. The oxidized two-carbon molecule, an acetyl group, is attached to Coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA.
More detailed diagram of the mechanism of pyruvate oxidation.
A carboxyl group is removed from pyruvate and released as carbon dioxide.
The two-carbon molecule from the first step is oxidized, and NAD+ accepts the electrons to form NADH.
The oxidized two-carbon molecule, an acetyl group, is attached to Coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA.
Image credit: "Oxidation of pyruvate and the citric acid cycle: Figure 1" by OpenStax College, Biology, CC BY 3.0
Step 1. A carboxyl group is snipped off of pyruvate and released as a molecule of carbon dioxide, leaving behind a two-carbon molecule.
Step 2. The two-carbon molecule from step 1 is oxidized, and the electrons lost in the oxidation are picked up 2 \text{NADH}NADHstart text, N, A, D, H, end text are generated from \text{NAD}^+NAD
Step 3. The oxidized two-carbon molecule—an acetyl group, highlighted in green—is attached to Coenzyme A (\text{CoA}CoAstart text, C, o, A, end text), an organic molecule derived from vitamin B5, to form acetyl \text{CoA}CoAstart text, C, o, A, end text. Acetyl \text{CoA}CoAstart text, C, o, A, end text is sometimes called a carrier molecule, and its job here is to carry the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle.
The steps above are carried out by a large enzyme complex called the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, which consists of three interconnected enzymes and includes over 60 subunits. At a couple of stages, the reaction intermediates actually form covalent bonds to the enzyme complex—or, more specifically, to its cofactors. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is an important target for regulation, as it controls the amount of acetyl \text{CoA}CoAstart text, C, o, A, end text fed into the citric acid cycle^{1,2,3}
1,2,3
start superscript, 1, comma, 2, comma, 3, end superscript.
If we consider the two pyruvates that enter from glycolysis (for each glucose molecule), we can summarize pyruvate oxidation as follows:
Two molecules of pyruvate are converted into two molecules of acetyl \text{CoA}CoAstart text, C, o, A, end text.
Two carbons are released as carbon dioxide—out of the six originally present in glucose.
2 \text{NADH}NADHstart text, N, A, D, H, end text are generated from \text{NAD}^+NAD
+
start text, N, A, D, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript.
Why make acetyl \text{CoA}CoAstart text, C, o, A, end text? Acetyl \text{CoA}CoAstart text, C, o, A, end text serves as fuel for the citric acid cycle in the next stage of cellular respiration. The addition of \text{CoA}CoAstart text, C, o, A, end text helps activate the acetyl group, preparing it to undergo the necessary reactions to enter the citric acid cycle.
Explanation:
Aristotle's ladder of nature, and the Great Chain of Being, were concepts suggesting __________.
a) life evolved on other worlds and was later transported to Earth down a celestial ladder
b) the accurate evolutionary view that all species are related, with each providing an evolutionary link (i.e. step in the ladder) to its immediate ancestor
c) the mystical teleological view that all species were created in a fixed order, from least to most perfect
d) life is a painful and purposeless experience of endless steps, but death brings release from the ladder of life
Answer:
The most correct option is C
Explanation:
Aristotle ladder of nature can be described as an idea (referred to as Scala Naturae) to organize all things (living and non-living) into a "ladder" where organism fits into a "step" on the ladder. He ranked animals higher than plants and plants higher than non-living things (like minerals). Humans were ranked first in his ladder.
The Great chain of Being is also a form of hierarchial ranking (of old christianity) starting from God to angels to humans to animals to plants and then finally to minerals.
These rankings have been suggested in the past by some "radicalists" to mean that all species were created from the simplest to the most complex and perfect which can be loosely translated to mean that all species were created in a fixed order, from least to most perfect
The___ releases enzymes that digest proteins.
A. pancreas
B. liver
C. gallbladder
Answer:
A. Pancreas
Explanation:
Answer:
Pancreas
Explanation:
The pancreas contains exocrine glands that produce enzymes important to digestion. These enzymes include trypsin and chymotrypsin to digest proteins; amylase for the digestion of carbohydrates; and lipase to break down fats.
Name a metal metalloid
Answer:
boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and tellurium.
Which one is true ??
Answer:
c
Explanation:
the answer is always c
Which of the following would be considered a competitor or Corals and a direct threat to coral reefs?
Zooxanthellae
Green Algae
Crown of Thorns Sea Star
Coralline Red Algae
Rainbow Parrot Fish
Answer:
Rainbow Parrot Fish
Explanation:
Rainbow Parrot Fish is an herbivore and it is considered as competitor of corals and a direct threat to coral reef because Rainbow Parrot Fish majorly source of feed is algae which result in missing of lots of algae in corals colony. They consume most of the coral in the coral reefs with their beak like teeth therefore resulting in competition and not enough available algae source for corals. After feeding on algae , they also graze on corals in Coral reefs.
Which is abiotic?
tree sap
O insect
O sunlight
O tree stump
Answer:
Sunlight is abiotic. Abiotic is a non living thing
Sunlight is an abiotic factor. Therefore, the correct statement is option C.
What do abiotic elements consist of?Sunlight is an inanimate element of the environment, making it an abiotic one. Insects and tree sap are both living things, and a tree stump is a decomposing piece of the environment that was once alive.
Abiotic elements are the ecosystem's non-living parts. They include natural elements including sunshine, water, air, temperature, soil, and minerals as well as physical and chemical elements. In contrast, biotic factors include live species, including plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria.
Sunlight is a crucial abiotic component of ecosystems because it fuels photosynthesis and influences the development and behavior of living things. It also affects weather patterns and climate, which may have a big influence on ecosystems.
Therefore, sunlight is an abiotic factor including natural elements including sunshine, water, air, temperature, soil, and minerals as well as physical and chemical elements.
Learn more about the abiotic elements here:
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How is wastewater treated
Answer:
Wastewater treatment The major aim of wastewater treatment is to remove as much of the suspended solids as possible before the remaining water, called effluent, is discharged back to the environment. As solid material decays, it uses up oxygen, which is needed by the plants and animals living in the water.
Explanation:
Which of the following is a cell?
a. Antibody c. Virus
E. coli bacterium d. ribosome
3. Which of the following is NOT a cell?
a. Yeast c. paramecium
b.Sperm d. DNA/chromosome
PLEASE HELP
Answer:
A virus
DNA is not acell
Explanation:
Someone please help me out
1.does convergent boundaries create or destroy land
2.does divergent boundaries create or destroy land
3.does transform boundaries create or destroy land
Answer:
1. Yes
2. No
3.No
Which of the following is the best description of the process shown in the image below?
The process in the image is ( C ) : Water, carbon dioxide and light are inputs while oxygen and glucose are outputs
The process represented in the diagram is photosynthesis because Photosynthesis is the process whereby green plants makes use of water and Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in the presence of light to produce its food and also producing oxygen as its by product in the process
Photosynthesis :
H₂0 + CO₂ + light energy -----> C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂
Hence we can conclude that the process in the image is Water, carbon dioxide and light are inputs while oxygen and glucose are outputs
Learn more : https://brainly.com/question/18599167
Crossing over, an important process that creates a great deal of the genetic diversity within a species, takes place during which phase of meiosis?
Select the correct response:
prophase 1
anaphase 1
prophase 2
metaphase 1
Answer:
efbjrebgkrekgekgr fregkbr
Explanation:
rrkf fkaewrkregrg
What is the speed of a car that traveled 16.5 m in 3 seconds? *
5.5 m
5.5 m/s
22 m
O 22 m/s
HELP
sodium potassium pump is an active transport. Which statement best describes why energy is needed to work correctly?
Answer:
because it is moving Na+ against its concentration gradient
When you stir cream into your coffee, the cream is the solute and the
coffee is the solvent. *
True
False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
The sugar you add to a cup of coffee is known as the solute. When this solute is added to the liquid, which is termed the solvent, the dissolving process begins. The sugar molecules separate and diffuse or spread evenly throughout the solvent particles, creating a homogeneous mixture called a solution.
Are there ways to control populationgrowth?
Answer:
1. Empower women
2. Promote family planning
3. One child legislation
4. Makingeducation entertaining
5. Government incentives
what does the process of fertilization create
Answer:
A zygote
Explanation:
Fertilization is the process through which two gametes fuse to create a new organism. In humans, an egg and a sperm fuse to create a new cell called a zygote which develops into a fetus.
Seeds can grow into which of the following types of plants
Answer:
Seeds can grow into angiosperms and gymnosperms.
Hope this helps!
In the chemical equation CH4 + 02 → CO2 + H2O, what are considered the reactants?
CH4, CO2
02, H20
CO2, H2O
CH4, 02
Why was modern classification invented?
O Traditional classification could not classify all living things.
O Scientists realized related organisms do not share similar characteristics
O Scientists understood that species share a common ancestor
O Modern classification is faster and easier to use.
Next
Submit
Save and Exit
Mark this and return
Answer:
Scientists understood that species share a common ancestor.
Explanation: i just took a quiz and got it right
Which of the following professionals would be hired to examine a manufacturing site and review certifications and
permits?
O environmental lawyer
O environmental policy maker
O environmental resource managers
environmental compliance specialist
environmental compliance specialist
Which of the following is true of the Celsius scale
Answer:
ALL OF THE ABOVE!!
Explanation:
PLEASE I REALLY NEED HELP I GOT A LOT OF HOMEWORK, APEX IS JUST A PAIN:/ What is one limitation of a wind tunnel that is used to model the effect wind has on a rocket.
A. It provides valuable information about winds effect on how rockets fly.
B. It shows how the rocket performs in the atmosphere, but not in space
C. The ceramic tiles that coat a rocket can be tested
D. The airflow in a tunnel can be varied based on the altitude of the rocket.
Answer:
The answer is either B or C
Explanation:
emilythompson35464
hope this helps srry if it doesn't tho
Answer:
B. It shows how the rocket performs in the atmosphere, but not in space
Explanation:
This is actually not as complicated as it may seem. Wind tunnels are a way that scientists and students can see how wind can affect rockets. The Wright brothers used a wind tunnel to test there model planes. The reason it has limitations is there is no wind is space because there is no gravity which means there is no particles that make up weather and wind. Wind tunnels help us know how the rocket will perform on the earth, but not in space.
PLEASE GIVE ME BRAINLIEST, THX, AND 5 STAR IF I AM RIGHT. TELL ME IF I AM RIGHT!!!!
:)
Which explains how the formation of the East African Rift Valley formed?
Answer:
c
Explanation:
because of the arrows are pointing the direction of witch it went to make the rift
whats a biosphere, and how does it work?
Answer:
The biosphere is a layer of the Earth where all life exists.
Explanation:
What type of bond holds amino acids together?
Answer:
peptide bonds
Explanation:
Georgia has hypochondriasis, and Leo has a pain disorder. Which of the following do Georgia and Leo most likely
have in common?
O a history of normal medical exams
O significant pain in a specific area
O a preoccupation with the idea of being sick
O an onset of the disorder before the age of 30
Answer:
C. a preoccupation with the idea of being sick
Explanation:
Hypochondriasis and pain disorder are two conditions that deviates from the normal human health. Hypochondriasis, also known as health anxiety, is a condition whereby an individual is fearfully worried about having a serious illness. On the other hand, pain disorder is a condition in which pain results in certain areas of an individual's body due to psychological disposition of such individual i.e. his/her mindset.
Based on the description of both conditions above, it can be observed that both hypochondriasis and pain disorder are as a result of a preoccupied mindset of being sick. One is worried PSYCHOLOGICALLY about being terribly ill (Hypochondriasis) while the other PSYCHOLOGICALLY induces pain on him/herself.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
got it right on edg 2020-2021
-The analysis of data gathered during a particular experiment is necessary in
order to
*
Answer:
arrive at a conclusion
Explanation:
The analysis of data gathered during a particular experiment is necessary in order to arrive at a conclusion that will address the aim of the experiment.
Without data analysis, valid conclusions about the experiment cannot be made and what the experimenter would have is just raw data that cannot say or answer anything about the experiment.
The data collected from experiments can be analyzed in two ways:
Descriptive data analysis Inferential data analysisIn descriptive data analysis, the collected data is summarized, arranged, or described in such a way that a pattern can be seen at a glance. It includes tables, charts, histograms, etc.
In inferential data analysis, the collected data is treated in such a way that an inference can be arrived at based on the study. This includes testing for a significant difference between means, testing for the goodness of fits, correlations, etc.
How many bases does one molecule of tRNA read at one time?
Answer:Each tRNA has a distinct anticodon triplet sequence that can form 3 complementary base pairs to one or more codons for an amino acid.
Explanation:
This is the tool used in anatomy to listen to the internal sounds of the human body at work
Manipulation
Auscultation
Observation
Palpation
what will happen to producer popultions if the nitrogen cycle is disrupted
Answer:
Scientists have determined that humans are disrupting the nitrogen cycle by altering the amount of nitrogen that is stored in the biosphere. The chief culprit is fossil fuel combustion, which releases nitric oxides into the air that combine with other elements to form smog and acid rain.
