Explanation:
Flagellum
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Micro: Step 1: Respond to the following:
Discuss the major differences between the innate and adaptive host defenses. Describe in detail
humoral and cell-mediated immunity, with an emphasis on the cell types involved, and effectiveness of
the overall immune response. How do the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses differ? How
do they compliment each other to produce an effective immune response and build immunity?
Answer:
The adaptive immunological response differs from the innate in that the innate defense is with the defense mechanisms with which we are born, such as mucous secretion, fur, physical protection barriers such as skin and mucosa, while the adaptive defense is that which We adopt throughout our lives, such as through breast milk (antibodies), exposure to pathogens, vaccines, etc.
The humoral immunity is the immunological part that is in charge of transmitting signals, that is to say that the cellular immunity will work according to the chemoxtasis or chemical signals that the humoral immunity gives it, specifically we refer to chemoceptors, proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukins , and the chemical compounds released by the cells presenting antigens and mediating inflammation.
The humoral immunity, then, in simple words, are the chemical signals that together with the defense cells make up a signaling network to be able to defend ourselves effectively against pathogenic microorganisms and thus be able to have antibodies against them for a second infection encounter, favoring thus immune or acquired memory.
These humoral responses differ from whether they are proinflammatory pictures, where inflammation is promoted or anti-inflammatory, where the function is to repair tissue damaged by oxygen radicals or other agents harmful to tissue during defense mechanisms.
All these immunities complement each other to give the best immunological response, but it would be necessary to add to the surveillance immune response that is responsible for preventing cell malformations or mutations so as not to develop malignant neoplasms, these methods are based on the induction of self-destruction of those cells mutated due to the induction of the defense that perceives these mutations.
In addition, there is the defense that is in charge of being the first line of defense, where the nuclear polymorphs are the first cells to reach the area of injury or infection, and continue with the line of antigen presenting cells, which These will present the pathogenic microorganisms to those cells that can form antibodies against this pathogen, that is, trigger the defense mechanism of memory.
Explanation:
I hope it has served you, in simple words, all the immune responses we have, both innate and acquired, operate together simultaneously to avoid pathologies, both have the same importance in the role of defense, and within the acquired we have to the defense of the first line, which are the cells that first connect to the affected area, the antigen presenters and those of the second line, which are the ones that form the antibodies.
And finally these redacted ones would fulfill the cellular immunological response part, where these cells are guided by chemical signals that would be the humoral immunological response.
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FW.02]Which of these best matches surface features with the processes that are responsible for their formation?
O sinkholes, caves, and hills heating of ground water due to geothermal energy
Ogeysers, hills, sinkholes groundwater erosion leading to deposition of minerals
O sinkholes, caves, and hot springs chemical and physical actions of groundwater
geysers, sinkholes, and hot springs dripping of groundwater from the ceiling of an underground cave
Answer:
O sinkholes, caves, and hills heating of ground water due to geothermal energy
Explanation:
What is the difference between a
virus and a bacterium (bacteria) in
terms of their structure and
functions?
Answer:
There are many answers...
Explanation:
Bacteria are single-celled, living organisms. They have a cell wall and all the components necessary to survive and reproduce, although some may derive energy from other sources. Viruses are not considered to be “living” because they require a host cell to survive long-term, for energy
1) Examine the diagrams below.
2) Describe and explain the changes in the groups of species 2 through 6 in the “Over Time in Six Stages” graph (the top one). Use scientific reasoning to support your explanation.
Answer/Explanation:
The diagram below shows the various stages of ecological succession that occurs over time and how an ecosystem forms from bare surfaces like an area of land covered by lava as a result of volcanic eruption.
The changes in the group of species that occur overtime is depicted in the "six stages" graph which can be described as follows:
1. The first line in the graph shows bare rock which initially supports no life forms.
2. The second stage is dominated initially by pioneer species such as mosses, lichen, which usually produce many small spores and seeds that are dispersed over large area of land. They colonize the bare rocks and their activities help in the breaking down of the rocks to form soil. They also help in the formation of organic matter, and with time, enable the growth of herbaceous plants such as grasses and ferns.
3. At stage 3, herbeceous plants like grasses and herbs that are usually annual plants, gradually replace the mosses and lichen, followed by perrenial herbaceous plants. Further build up of organic manure occurs, thereby encouraging more species of organism to dominate the land
4. At stage 4, woody pioneers that are more later than grasses begin to form and dominate the area with time as more group of species are added.
5. At stage 5, Fast growing trees that are shade intolerant begin to emerge and populate the area, in the presence of herbs and other vascular plant species.
6. At stage 6, a climax community is formed as shade tolerant trees emerge.
L Pretest: Unit 5
Gas exchange takes place across the membranes of the alveoli and the
capillaries. How do the structures of these membranes improve the efficiency
of this process?
AIK
Bronchiole,
Alveo
Small blood
vessels (capillaris)
A. Pores in the membranes allow oxygen to move out of the alveoli's
cells and carbon dioxide to move into the cells.
O B. The shapes of the membranes slow blood flow, allowing more
time for gas exchange
O C. The shapes of the alveoli and the capillaries increase the surface
area of the membranes.
O D. The membranes have proteins that transport carbon dioxide and
oxygen against the concentration gradients.
Answer: O C. The shapes of the alveoli and the capillaries increase the surface area of the membranes.
Explanation:
Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs, which takes the oxygen inside them. The membranes of the alveoli and the capillaries expand to take up the oxygen whereas the contract or becomes narrower when they expel out the carbon dioxide gas. Thus the shapes of the membranes of the alveoli and capillaries play an important role during exchange of gases.
