Answer:
Conversion of 2-methyl-2-butene into a secondary alkyl halide - ROOR, HBr
Conversion of 2-methyl-2-butene into a tertiary alkyl halide - HBr
Explanation:
The addition of HBr to 2-methyl-2-butene occurs in accordance to Markovnikov rule in the absence of peroxide.
According to Markovnikov rule; ''the negative part of the addendum is attached to the carbon atom bearing the least number of hydrogen atoms.'' Following the Markovnikov rule, the tertiary alkyl halide is obtained.
In the presence of peroxide, this rule is not followed and the reaction proceeds in an anti-Markovnikov way to yield a secondary alkyl halide.
There are _______ alkanes with molecular formula C10H22
a. 74
b. 75
c. 76
d. 77
Two common methods to generate an aldehyde is by oxidation of an alcohol and through ozonolysis.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
a. True.
Explanation:
Only primary and secondary alcohols can oxidise to give an aldehyde. But a weak oxidizing agent must be used to prevent formation of a carboxylic acid or ketone.
weak oxidizing agents: Chromyl chloride, silver/oxygen/500°C
take an example of ethanol:
[tex]{ \bf{CH _{3} CH_{2}OH \: \: \frac{Ag/O_{2} }{500 \degree C} > \: \:CH _{3} CHO}}[/tex]
[tex]{ \sf{CH _{3} CHO \: \: is \: ethanal}} [/tex]
By ozonolysis:
Here, reactants are Ozone gas, Carbon tetrachloride at a temperature (<20°C), ethanoic acid, zinc and water.
take an example of propanol:
if it undergoes ozonolysis, it gives ethanal and methanal.
Answer:
A. True
Explanation:
Only primary and secondary alcohols can oxidise to give an aldehyde. But a weak oxidizing agent must be used to prevent formation of a carboxylic acid or ketone.
weak oxidizing agents: Chromyl chloride, silver/oxygen/500°C
take an example of ethanol:
By ozonolysis:
Here, reactants are Ozone gas, Carbon tetrachloride at a temperature (<20°C), ethanoic acid, zinc and water.
take an example of propanol:
if it undergoes ozonolysis, it gives ethanal and methanal.
What is a reaction rate?
Answer:
A reaction is the time that is required for a chemical reaction to go essential to completion
A student was given a solid containing a mixture of nitrate salts. The sample completely dissolved in water, and upon addition of dilute HCl , no precipitate formed. The pH was lowered to about 1 and H2S was bubbled through the solution. No precipitate formed. The pH was adjusted to 8 and H2S was again bubbled in. This time, a precipitate formed. Which compounds might have been present in the unknown?
a. Ca(NO3)2
b. AgNO3
c. Fe(NO3)3
d. Cr(NO3)3
e. Cu(NO3)2
f. KNO3
g. Bi(NO3)2
Answer:
Fe(NO3)3, Cr(NO3)3, Co(NO3)3
Explanation:
According to the question, no precipitate is observed when HCl was added. This means that we must rule out AgNO3.
Again, the sulphides of Cu^2+, Bi^3+ are soluble in acidic medium but according to the question, the sulphides do not precipitate at low pH hence Cu(NO3)2 and Bi(NO3)3 are both ruled out.
The sulphides of Fe^3+, Cr^3+ and Co^3+ all form precipitate in basic solution hence Fe(NO3)3, Cr(NO3)3, Co(NO3)3 may be present.
The presence of Ca(NO3)2 and KNO3 may be confirmed by flame tests.
Determine the number of moles of aluminum in 2.154 x 10-1 kg of Al. Group of answer choices 5816 mol 7.984 mol 6.02 X 1023 mol 4.801 mol 8.783
Answer:
Avogadro's number is 1 mol = 6.02 * 10^23 elements
It means that 1 mol of atoms is 6.02 * 10^23 atoms
1 mol of atoms = 6.02 * 10^23 atoms
From there, if you divide both sides by 1 mol of atoms, you get
1 = 6.02 * 10^23 atoms / 1 mol of atoms.
That means, that to pass from a number of moles of atoms to number of atoms you have to multipby by the conversion factor
6.02*10^23 atoms Al/ 1 mol Al
That is the second option of the list.
Explanation:
10. At 573K, NO2(g) decomposes forming NO and O2. The decomposition reaction is second order in NO2 with a rate constant of 1.1 M-1s-1. If the initial concentration of NO2 is 0.056 M, how long will it take for 75% of the NO2 to decompose
Answer:
48.67 seconds
Explanation:
From;
1/[A] = kt + 1/[A]o
[A] = concentration at time t
t= time taken
k= rate constant
[A]o = initial concentration
Since [A] =[A]o - 0.75[A]o
[A] = 0.056 M - 0.042 M
[A] = 0.014 M
1/0.014 = (1.1t) + 1/0.056
71.4 - 17.86 = 1.1t
53.54 = 1.1t
t= 53.54/1.1
t= 48.67 seconds
Hence,it takes 48.67 seconds to decompose.
All of the following statements concerning crystal field theory are true EXCEPT Group of answer choices in an isolated atom or ion, the five d orbitals have identical energy. low-spin complexes contain the maximum number of unpaired electrons. in low-spin complexes, electrons are concentrated in the dxy, dyz, and dxz orbitals. the energy difference between d orbitals often corresponds to an energy of visible light. the crystal field splitting is larger in low-spin complexes than high-spin complexes.
Answer:
low-spin complexes contain the maximum number of unpaired electrons.
Explanation:
In the crystal field theory, the magnitude of crystal field splitting and the pairing energy determines whether a complex will be low spin or high spin.
Low spin complexes often have greater magnitude of crystal field splitting energy than low spin complexes.
High spin complexes have maximum number of unpaired electrons(most of the electrons are unpaired) while low spin complexes have a minimum number of unpaired electrons in a complex(most of the electrons are paired).
How do the particles in plasmas compare with
the particles in solids?
O Plasmas and solids are both made up of cation-anion pairs.
• Solids and plasmas are both made up of electrons and cations.
Solids are made up of cation-anion pairs, but plasmas are not.
O Plasmas are made up of cation-anion pairs, but solids are not.
Answer:
Solids are made up of cation-anion pairs, but plasmas are not
Explanation:
Solid is made from cautions and anions while the plasma is not and hence both are made from the cautions and anion plasma. Solids and plasma is made from electrons and solids are made from caution and anion pairs. Plasma is a good conductor of electricity as they have a lot of mobile charged particles.How many moles of NiCl2 can be formed in the reaction of 7.00 mol of Ni and 14.0 mol of HCl?
Answer:
since the concentration of limiting reactant are the same for both nickel and hydrochloric acid, they both will produce the same amount if Nickel Chloride
7 mols of [tex]NiCl_2[/tex] formed in a reaction of 7 mol of Ni and 14 mol of HCl.
The moles of Ni = 7 mol
The mols of HCl = 14 mol
It is required to calculate moles of [tex]NiCl_2[/tex]
What is a mole?A mole corresponds to the mass of a substance that contains [tex]6.023 \times 10^{23}[/tex]particles of the substance. The mole is the SI unit for the amount of a substance. Its symbol is mol.
The reaction of Ni and HCl occurs as
[tex]Ni +2 HCl \to NiCl_2 + H_2[/tex]
Since the concentration of limiting reactant are the same for both nickel and hydrochloric acid, they both will produce the same amount of Nickel Chloride.
If we have 7 mols of Ni and 14 mols of HCl, then when the 7 moles of Ni has reacted, we will still have 7 moles of HCl unreacted.
So, the moles of [tex]NiCl_2[/tex] formed equal to the moles of Ni and HCl reacted.
Therefore, 7 mols of [tex]NiCl_2[/tex] formed in a reaction of 7 mol of Ni and 14 mol of HCl.
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Which species is the conjugate base of H2SO3
Explanation:
As you know, the conjugate base of an acid is determined by looking at the compound that's left behind after the acid donates one of its acidic hydrogen atoms.
The compound to which the acid donates a proton acts as a base. The conjugate base of the acid will be the compound that reforms the acid by accepting a proton.
In this case, sulfurous acid has two protons to donate. However, the conjugate base of sulfurous acid will be the compound left behind after the first hydrogen ion is donated.
According to an informal 1992 survey, the drinking water in about one-third of the homes in Chicago had lead levels of about 10 ppb. Dr. Koether lived in Chicago from 1996 to 1998. Assuming she drank 1.4 L of water a day, calculate the total amount of lead in mg (using one decimal place) that she was exposed to over the two years if she lived in a home that had such high levels of lead.
Answer:
10.2 mg
Explanation:
Step 1: Calculate the total amount of water she drank
1 year has 365 days and she lived in Chicago for 2 years = 2 × 365 days = 730 days.
If she drank 1.4 L of water per day, the total amount of water she drank is:
730 day × 1.4 L/day = 1022 L
Step 2: Calculate the amount of Pb in 1022 L of water
The concentration of Pb is 10 ppb (10 μg/L).
1022 L × 10 μg/L = 10220 μg
Step 3: Convert 10220 μg to milligrams
We will use the conversion factor 1 mg = 1000 μg.
10220 μg × 1 mg/1000 μg = 10.2 mg
4. A balloon is filled with 3.0 L of helium at 310 K. The balloon is placed in an oven where the
temperature reaches 340 K. What is the new volume of the balloon?
Answer:
3,29L
Explanation:
3.29L = V2
Formula: V1/T1 = V2/T2
--------------------
Given:
V1 = 3.0 L V2 = ?
T1 = 310 K T2 = 340 K
--------------------
Plugin:
(X stands in place of V2 just to make it easier to look at)
[3.0L / 310K = X / 340K]
(3.0L / 310K = 0.01L/K)
0.01L/K = X / 340K
(multiply 340K on both sides, it cancels out on the right)
0.01L/K * 340K = X
(0.01L/K * 340K = 3.29L)
**3.29L = X**
[or]
**3.29L = V2**
When a chemical changes from the solid phase to the gas phase, this is an example of What chemical property?
Answer:
sublimation
Explanation:
solid => liquid Melting
liquid => solid freezing
liquid => gas evaporation
gas => liquid condensation
solid => gas sublimation
gas => solid deposition (e.g.; formation of frost), however some scholars will also refer to this process as sublimation.
State the different radiations emitted by radioactive elements.
Answer:
gamma rays , alpha particles , beta particles , neutrons
Given the following reaction: 3CuCl2(aq) 2Na3PO4(aq) --> Cu3(PO4)2(s) 6NaCl(aq) MM (g/mol) 134.45 163.94 380.58 58.44 If 285 mL of 6.3 M CuCl2 is added to excess Na3PO4 solution, how much precipitate( in grams) is produced Note: Write answer to two decimal places.
Answer:
227.78g of the precipitate are produced
Explanation:
Based on the reaction, 3 moles of CuCl2 produce 1 mole of Cu3(PO4)2 (The precipitate).
To solve this question we need to find the moles of CuCl2 added. With these moles and the reactio we can find the moles of Cu3(PO4)2 and its mass as follows:
Moles CuCl2:
285mL = 0.285L * (6.3mol / L) = 1.7955 moles CuCl2
Moles Cu3(PO4)2:
1.7955 moles CuCl2 * (1mol Cu3(PO4)2 / 3mol CuCl2) = 0.5985 moles Cu3(PO4)2
Mass Cu3(PO4)2 -380.58g/mol-
0.5985 moles Cu3(PO4)2 * (380.58g/mol) =
227.78g of the precipitate are produced
Write the symbol for every chemical element that has atomic number greater than 55 and less than 140.8 u
What is the final volume, in L. of a balloon that was initially at 173.8 mL at 17.5°C and was then heated to 78.0*C?
Answer:
0.21 L.
Explanation:
From the question given above, the following data were obtained:
Initial temperature (T₁) = 17.5°C = 17.5°C + 273 = 290.5 K
Initial volume (V₁) = 173.8 mL
Final temperature (T₂) = 78 °C = 78 °C + 273 = 351 K
Final volume (V₂) =?
V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂
173.8 / 290.5 = V₂ / 351
Cross multiply
290.5 × V₂ = 173.8 × 351
290.5 × V₂ = 61003.8
Divide both side by 290.5
V₂ = 61003.8 / 290.5
V₂ = 210 mL
Finally, we shall convert 210 mL to L. This can be obtained as follow:
1000 mL = 1 L
Therefore,
210 mL = 210 mL × 1 L / 1000 mL
210 mL = 0.21 L
Thus, the final volume of the balloon is 0.21 L.
Answer:
[tex]\boxed {\boxed {\sf 0.775 \ L}}[/tex]
Explanation:
1. Calculated Final VolumeWe are asked to find the final volume of a balloon given a change in temperature. We will use Charles's Law, which states the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature. The formula for this law is:
[tex]\frac{V_1}{T_1}= \frac{V_2}{T_2}[/tex]
The initial volume is 173.8 milliliters and the initial temperature is 17.5 degrees Celsius.
[tex]\frac {173.8 \ mL}{17.5 \textdegree C}= \frac{V_2}{T_2}[/tex]
The balloon is heated to a final temperature of 78.0 degrees Celsius, but the volume is unknown.
[tex]\frac {173.8 \ mL}{17.5 \textdegree C}= \frac{V_2}{78.0 \textdegree C}[/tex]
We are solving for the final volume, so we must isolate the variable V₂. It is being divided by 78.0 degrees Celsius. The inverse of division is multiplication, so we multiply both sides by 78.0 °C.
[tex]78.0 \textdegree C *\frac {173.8 \ mL}{17.5 \textdegree C}= \frac{V_2}{78.0 \textdegree C} * 78.0 \textdegree C[/tex]
[tex]78.0 \textdegree C *\frac {173.8 \ mL}{17.5 \textdegree C}=V_2[/tex]
The units of degrees Celsius cancel.
[tex]78.0 *\frac {173.8 \ mL}{17.5}=V_2[/tex]
[tex]78.0 *9.931428571 \ mL= V_2[/tex]
[tex]774.6514286 \ mL =V_2[/tex]
2. Convert to LitersWe are asked to give the volume in liters, so we must convert out units. Remember that 1 liter contains 1000 milliliters.
[tex]\frac { 1 \ L}{1000 \ mL}[/tex]
[tex]774.6514286 \ mL * \frac{ 1 \ L}{1000 \ mL}[/tex]
[tex]774.6514286 * \frac{ 1 \ L}{1000}[/tex]
[tex]0.7746514286 \ L[/tex]
3. RoundThe original values of volume and temperature have 3 and 4 significant figures. We always round our answer to the least number of sig figs, which is 3. This is the thousandths place for the number we calculated. The 6 in the ten-thousandths place tells us to round the 4 up to a 5.
[tex]0.775 \ L[/tex]
The final volume is approximately 0.775 liters.
A 1 liter solution contains 0.370 M hypochlorous acid and 0.493 M sodium hypochlorite. Addition of 0.092 moles of barium hydroxide will: (Assume that the volume does not change upon the addition of barium hydroxide.)
In the original solution you have the mixture of a weak acid (Hypochlorous acid) and its conjugate base (Sodium hypochlorite). That is a buffer.
The barium hydroxide will react with hypochlorous acid. If this reaction cause the complete reaction of hypochlorous acid, the buffer break its capacity and the pH change in several units. In this case:
The addition of barium hydroxide will raise the pH slightly because the buffer still working.
The initial moles of those species are:
Hypochlorous acid:
[tex]1L * \frac{0.370mol}{1L} = 0.370 moles[/tex]
Sodium hypochlorite:
[tex]1L * \frac{0.493mol}{1L} = 0.493 moles[/tex]
Now, a strong acid as barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)₂) reacts with a weak acid as hypochlorous acid (HClO) as follows:
Ba(OH)₂ + 2HClO → Ba(ClO)₂ + 2H₂O
For a complete reaction of 0.092 moles of barium hydroxide are required:
[tex]0.092 moles Ba(OH)_2*\frac{2mol HClO}{1molBa(OH)_2} = 0.184 moles HClO[/tex]
As there are 0.370 moles, the moles of HClO after the reaction are:
0.370 moles - 0.184 moles = 0.186 moles of HClO will remain
As you still have hypochlorite and hypochlorous acid you still have a buffer.
Thus, the pH will raise slightly because the amount of acid is decreasing and slightly because the buffer can keep the pH.
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Determine the highest level of protein structure described by each item.
a. Primary structure
b. Secondary structure
c. Tertiary structure
d. Quaternary structure
1. order of amino acids
2. overall macromolecule structure containing more than one polypeptide chain
From each of the protein structures listed, the option with the highest level of protein structure as regards with order of amino acids and overall macromolecule structure is quaternary structure. That is option D.
The protein one of the essential nutrients that is found in and consumed by mammals.
There are different types of proteins and their functions depends on their shape, structure or conformation.
The structure of proteins include:
Primary structure: This is the simplest shape of proteins. This is because, the amino acids of a polypeptide is arranged in a linear form.Secondary structure: This is the local folded structures that form within a polypeptide due to interactions between atoms of the backbone.Tertiary structure: These are three dimensional structures of proteins that occurs as a result of the interactions between the R groups of the amino acids that make up the protein.Quaternary structure: This protein structure contains multiple polypeptide chains also called subunits.Therefore, the option with the highest level of protein structure as regards with order of amino acids and overall macromolecule structure is quaternary structure.
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Electrophilic addition reaction of conjugated dienes that occur at high temperature and/or long reaction times (reversible conditions) are said to be under kinetic control. Group of answer choices True False
Answer:
False
Explanation:
Electrophilic addition reactions may be under kinetic or thermodynamic control. Whether the reaction is under kinetic or thermodynamic control is easily deducible from the reaction time.
Shorter reaction time often reflect kinetic control while longer reaction reaction times favour thermodynamic control.
Hence, electrophilic addition reaction of conjugated dienes that occur at high temperature and/or long reaction times (reversible conditions) are said to be under thermodynamic and not kinetic control.
If we increase the temperature of the reaction that occurs in plants to create sugar. What direction does the equilibrium shift....
- Products
- No change
- Reactants
- Plants are not capable of this
The reaction used to produce sugar in plants is Photosynthesis,
6CO₂ + 6H₂O + heat ⇆ C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂↑
we can see that this reaction is endothermic, it absorbs heat to occur
If we were to add more heat or increase the temperature, the left side of the equilibrium will be able to react much more, which would produce more glucose (aka sugar)
Hence increasing the temperature will shift the equilibrium to the right or towards the Products
Answer:
Explanation:
The reaction that occurs in plants to create sugar can be represented by the following equation:
6 CO2 + 6 H2O ↔ C6H12O6 + 6 O2
It is called photosynthesis because the reaction requires light energy for the plant. The reaction is controlled by enzyme within the plant. An increase in temperature will increase the collisions between enzyme and reactants; shifting the equilibrium towards the products, sugar and oxygen.
The correct geometry around oxygen in CH3OCH3 is
(a). linear. (b). bent. C). tetrahedral/(a). trigonal planar
Explanation:
the force of the lone pairs from the bottom would cancel out the force of the lone pairs from the top. Thus, the molecule will be linear.
Nicotine is a toxic substance present in tobacco leaves. There are two lone pairs in the structure of nicotine. In general, localized lone pairs are much more reactive than delocalized lone pairs. With this information in mind, do you expect both lone pairs in nicotine to be reactive?
A. Both lone pairs are delocalized and, therefore, both are expected to have the same reactivity.
B.Lone pair in pyrrolidine ring is localized and, therefore, is expected to be more reactive.
C. Both lone pairs are localized and, therefore, both are expected to be reactive.
D. Lone pair in pyridine ring is localized and, therefore, is expected to be more reactive.
Answer:
B.Lone pair in pyrrolidine ring is localized and, therefore, is expected to be more reactive.
Explanation:
There are two nitrogen atoms bearing lone pairs of electrons in the structure of nicotine as shown in the image attached.
One nitrogen atom is found in the pyrrolidine ring. The lone pair on this nitrogen atom is localized hence it is more reactive than the lone pair of electrons found on the nitrogen atom in the pyridine ring which is delocalized a shown in the image attached to this answer.
List the following substances in order of decreasing boiling point:
CO2, Ne, CH3OH, KF
The correct order of the substances in order of decreasing boiling point is,
KF , CH30OH , CO2 , Ne
What is boiling point?Boiling point, the temperature at which the force exerted by the surroundings upon a liquid exists equaled by the pressure exerted by the vapor of the liquid; under this situation, the addition of heat affects the transformation of the liquid into its vapor without increasing the temperature.
The main difference between the boiling point and the melting point stands that the melting point is determined as the temperature at which solid and liquid phases exist in equilibrium, whereas the boiling point stands as the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid stands equal to the external pressure.
Hence, The correct order of the substances in order of decreasing boiling point is,
KF , CH30OH , CO2 , Ne
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100 mL of 0.2 mol/L sodium carbonate solution and 200 mL of 0.1 mol/L calcium nitrate solution are mixed together. Calculate the mass of calcium carbonate that would precipitate and the concentration of the sodium nitrate solution that will be produced.
Answer:
Explanation:
Na2CO3+Ca(NO3)2=CaCO3+2NaNO3
nNa2CO3=0.02
nCa(NO3)2=0.02
mCaCO3=0.02*100=2 gram
nNaNo3=0.04
Cm=2/15
From the calculation, the mass of the product is 2 g.
What is a reaction?A chemical reaction occurs when two more substances are mixed together. In this case, the reaction is shown by; Ca(NO3)2 + Na2CO3 ----> CaCO3(s) + 2NaNO3.
Number of moles of Na2CO3 = 100/1000 L * 0.2 mol/L = 0.02 moles
Number of moles of Ca(NO3)2 = 200/1000 L * 0.1 mol/L = 0.02 moles
Since the reaction is equimolar, amount of the product = 0.02 moles * 100 g/mol = 2 g
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write the balanced equation for
[B]⁴[C][D]/[A]²
A capsule containing 0.500 L of air at 1.00 atm is compressed to 3.25 atm. At that point, what is the volume of the gas in the capsule?
Answer:
V₂ = 0.154 Liters
Explanation:
Pressure => P
Volume => V
Temperature => T
mass (moles) => n
This problem...
P₁ = 1.00 ATM P₂ = 3.25 ATM
V₁ = 0.500L V₂ = ?
T₁ = constant T₂ = T₁ = constant
n₁ = constant n₂= n₁ = constant
P₁V₁/n₁T₁ = P₂V₂/n₂T₂ => V₂ = V₁(P₁/P₂) = 0.500L (1.00ATM/3.25ATM) = 0.154 Liters
Aqueous hydrochloric acid HCl will react with solid sodium hydroxide NaOH to produce aqueous sodium chloride NaCl and liquid water H2O. Suppose 20. g of hydrochloric acid is mixed with 7.56 g of sodium hydroxide. Calculate the minimum mass of hydrochloric acid that could be left over by the chemical reaction. Round your answer to 2 significant digits.
here's the answer to your question
Define pressure. Group of answer choices force exerted by solids to the surrounding area force used to compress a gas force used to melt a solid force exerted per unit area by gas particles as they strike the surfaces around them force applied to a gas to condense it
Answer:
force exerted per unit area by gas particles as they strike the surfaces around them
Explanation:
According to the kinetic molecular theory, a gas is composed of molecules. The molecules of a gas are in constant random motion and collide frequently with each other as well as with the walls of the container.
Pressure is defined as force per unit area. The pressure of a gas is the force exerted per unit area by gas particles as they strike the surfaces around them hence the answer above.
When (R)-2-chloro-3-methylbutane is treated with potassium tert-butoxide, a monosubstituted alkene is obtained. When this alkene is treated with HBr, a mixture of products is obtained. Identify all of the expected products.
Answer:
See explanation and image attached
Explanation:
The reaction of (R)-2-chloro-3-methylbutane with potassium tert-butoxide yields a monosubstituted alkene .
Since the base is bulky, the Hoffman product predominates because attack occurs at the less hindered carbon atom to yield the major product as shown.
The alkene reacts with HBr at the secondary carbon atom to yield a carbocation intermediate which is flat and planar. Attack on either face of the carbocation yields a racemic mixture of the (2R) and (2S) products.
Rearrangement of the carbocation to yield a tertiary carbocation gives the 2-bromo-2-methyl butane product as shown in the image attached.
