How was the Raj transformed from the jewel in Britain's imperial crown to the independent nations of India and Pakistan?

Answers

Answer 1
Reasons for independence:

The British Raj unravelled quickly in the 1940s, perhaps surprising after the empire in the east had so recently survived its greatest challenge in the shape of Japanese expansionism.

The reasons for independence were multifaceted and the result of both long and short term factors.

The pressure from the rising tide of nationalism made running the empire politically and economically very challenging and increasingly not cost effective. This pressure was embodied as much in the activities of large pan-national organisations like the Congress as in pressure from below - from the 'subalterns' through the acts of peasant and tribal resistance and revolt, trade union strikes and individual acts of subversion and violence.

With US foreign policy pressurising the end of western imperialism, it seemed only a matter of time before India gained its freedom.

There were further symptoms of the disengagement from empire. European capital investment declined in the inter-war years and India went from a debtor country in World War One to a creditor in World War Two. Applications to the Indian Civil Service (ICS) declined dramatically from the end of the Great War.

Britain's strategy of a gradual devolution of power, its representation to Indians through successive constitutional acts and a deliberate 'Indianisation' of the administration, gathered a momentum of its own. As a result, India moved inexorably towards self-government.

The actual timing of independence owed a great deal to World War Two and the demands it put on the British government and people.

The Labour party had a tradition of supporting Indian claims for self-rule, and was elected to power in 1945 after a debilitating war which had reduced Britain to her knees.

Furthermore, with US foreign policy pressurising the end of western subjugation and imperialism, it seemed only a matter of time before India gained its freedom.


Partition and religion:

The growth of Muslim separatism from the late 19th century and the rise of communal violence from the 1920s to the virulent outbreaks of 1946-1947, were major contributory factors in the timing and shape of independence.

However, it was only from the late 1930s that it became inevitable that independence could only be achieved if accompanied by a partition. This partition would take place along the subcontinent's north-western and north-eastern boundaries, creating two sovereign nations of India and Pakistan.

The Muslim League failed to achieve the confidence of the majority of Muslims in the elections of 1937.

Muslims, as a religious community, comprised only 20% of the population and represented great diversity in economic, social and political terms.

From the late 19th century, some of its political elites in northern India felt increasingly threatened by British devolution of power, which by the logic of numbers would mean the dominance of the majority Hindu community.

Seeking power and a political voice in the imperial structure, they organised themselves into a party to represent their interests, founding the Muslim League in 1906.

They achieved something of a coup by persuading the British that they needed to safeguard the interests of the minorities, a demand that fed into British strategies of divide and rule. The inclusion of separate electorates along communal lines in the 1909 Act, subsequently enlarged in every successive constitutional act, enshrined a form of constitutional separatism.

While there is no denying that Islam and Hinduism were and are very different faiths, Muslims and Hindus continued to co-exist peaceably. There were, however, occasional violent outbursts which were driven more often than not by economic inequities.

Even politically, the Congress and the League cooperated successfully during the Khilafat and Non Cooperation movements in 1920-1922. And Muhammad Ali Jinnah (the eventual father of the Pakistani nation) was a Congress member till 1920.

Although Congress strove to stress its secular credentials with prominent Muslim members - for example, Maulana Azad served as its president through World War Two - it is criticised for failing to sufficiently recognise the importance of a conciliatory position towards the League in the inter-war years, and for its triumphant response to Congress's 1937 election victory.

The Muslim League advocated the idea of Pakistan in its annual session in 1930, yet the idea did not achieve any political reality at the time. Furthermore, the League failed to achieve the confidence of the majority of the Muslim population in the elections of 1937.

Related Questions

The 1814 blank which ended the war, merely affirmed the situation prevailing before the war began (the status quo antebellum). The treaty was silent on the issues of commercial rights that had led to war. When war between Britain and France ended in 1815, so did British interference with American shipping.

Answers

yes because British had war with France

The 1814 Treaty of Ghent ended the war between the United States and Britain, affirming the status quo before the war and not addressing the underlying issues that had led to the conflict.

The treaty did not specifically address the commercial rights that had been a cause of the war, but with the end of the war between Britain and France in 1815, British interference with American shipping also ceased.

This meant that the issues related to commercial rights were indirectly resolved by the broader peace between the major European powers. The Treaty of Ghent brought an end to the war and restored peace between the United States and Britain.

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This question is not complete, Here I am attaching the complete question:

The 1814 blank which ended the war, merely affirmed the situation prevailing before the war began (the status quo antebellum). The treaty was silent on the issues of commercial rights that had led to war. When war between Britain and France ended in 1815, so did British interference with American shipping. Explain.

Why did European nations send missionaries to convert people in Africa and Asia to Christianity? Check all that apply.

Answers

Answer:

Africa and Asia wanted to become part of the European empire. Europeans believed Christianity would make people more civilized. Europeans wanted to expand their power around the world.

Explanation:

compare and contrast the conflict and functionalist apporach to deviance​

Answers

Answer:

Conflict theory looks to social and economic factors as the causes of crime and deviance. Unlike functionalists, conflict theorists don't see these factors as positive functions of society. They see them as evidence of inequality in the system.

Explanation:

? Question

Drag each tile to the correct box.

Arrange the events in the correct order.

Tiles

Sequence

1.Smallpox spread throughout the Inca Empire.

2.A civil war weakened the Inca Empire.

3.Pizarro executed Atahualpa.

Correct!

Answers

Answer:

The order from first to last is Smallpox, Civil War, Execution.

Explanation:

Smallpox - 1526

Civil War - 1529

Execution - 1532

Answer:

Sequence

Smallpox spread throughout the Inca Empire.

A civil war weakened the Inca Empire.

Pizarro executed Atahualpa.

Explanation:

i did that order and i got it right

Arrange the Events related to the Emancipation proclamation in chronological order

Answers

Answer:

5142

Explanation:

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Which of the following was not a purpose of the propaganda campaign

Answers

Answer:

Propaganda was used during wartime to raise awareness and get people to spend money on helping. It was not used for turning people against war. There are no answer options given, so I hope this helps!

For the options given, the one that is not a purpose of the propaganda campaign is letter B which is to engender racism against the Japanese and Germans. The purpose of propaganda campaign is to encourage people to buy war bonds, to attract women to join the labor force and to encourage Americans to work efficiently.

4. What is the best definition of total war?
ООО
A. A military strategy that emphasizes new technology
B. A military strategy that relies on the engagement of land, sea and air forces
C. A military strategy where a country uses all its resources
D. A military strategy that destroys the enemy completely

Answers

Answer:

D. A military strategy that destroys the enemy completely

Explanation:

Total war completely destroys the enemy because it is unrestricted, extremely violent, and very dangerous.

When a total war strategy is used, a country will use any weapons they can to defeat the enemy.

The laws of war may also be ignored, causing extra damage to civilians and infrastructure.

So, the correct answer is D. A military strategy that destroys the enemy completely.

The definition of total war refers to the military strategy that destroys the enemy completely. Hence, Option D is the correct statement.

What is Total War?

In total war, the enemy is destroyed completely due to the fact it is unrestricted, extraordinarily violent, and really dangerous. When a complete war approach is used, a country will use any guns they are able to defeat the enemy.

The laws of war can also be ignored, inflicting more harm to civilians and infrastructure.

Hence, The best definition of total war refers to the military strategy that destroys the enemy completely. Option D is the correct statement.

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Which of the following presidential powers does not require the cooperation of the US Senate?

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

declare war. decide how federal money will be spent. interpret laws. choose Cabinet members or Supreme Court Justices without Senate approval

where was gautam buddha born in ?​

Answers

[tex]Hello![/tex]

Where was gautam buddha born in?

Born in Lumbini area, Nepal.

Lumbini is a town located in the territory of Nepal, in the Terai region. It is considered to be the birthplace of Buddha; according to tradition, his mother had him on the road to Kapilavastu, the capital of the family clan.

The gautam Buddha was born in the Lumbini area, Nepal

The passage of the civil rights act of 1964 marked the realization of the main goals of the
1. War on poverty
2. March on Washington
3. Black power movement
4. Alliance for progress

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

4

The main goal of the civil rights act, 1964 marked the realization of  Alliance for progress. Thus option 4th is correct.

What is Civil Rights?

Civil Rights are the rights given to the citizen by the constitution regarding the political and social freedom and equality. It is one of the main component for the democracy.

Regardless of color, religion, or other personal traits, civil rights are promises of equal social opportunity and legal protection.

One of the most significant pieces of legislation to come out of the civil rights movement was the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to stop the employment discrimination.

Therefore, it can be concluded that the civil rights act of 1964 marked the realization of the main goals of the alliance for progress. Thus option 4th is correct.

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ways in which world
capitalism was introduced in Africa​

Answers

Answer:

The tribal assembly (comitia tributa) was a nonmilitary civilian assembly. It accordingly met within the city inside the pomerium and elected magistrates who did not exercise imperium (plebeian tribunes, plebeian aediles, and quaestors).

Explanation:

Hi! ❤️

pls help asap pls

Answers

MARK "BRIANLIEST!"

AN INCREASE TRADE WITH THE REST OF THE WORLD.

BECAUSE IT COMES FROM THE BLACK SEA IMPORTATIONS.

MARK "BRIANLIEST!"

Answer:

a significant rise in the european poplution

Explanation:

severe depopulation and migration of the village to cities caused acute shortage of agriculture labouries

The greatest accomplishment of Philip II of Spain was to

Answers

preside over the growth of a large empire.

How does anasi influence children ?

Answers

Anansi stories are often funny and teach us lessons about the consequences of making bad choices and that it is better to be smart than to be strong. Anansi, the trickster from the folktales of the Ashanti of West Africa, takes the shape of a spider who goes to the sky god to buy his stories to share with the world.

In response to the Soviet Unions invasion of Afganistán the United States
A. Ratified the SALT II treaty
B. Boycotted the 1980 summer Olympics
C. Increased gain shipments to Afghanistan
D. Stopped sending support to Afganistán

Answers

Answer:

B. Boycotted the 1980 summer Olympics

Explanation:

Edge2021 also I looked it up :)

Answer:

B

Explanation:

person above is correct

What was the economy of Saint Domingue dependent upon? Select four options.

Answers

The economy of Saint Domingue (Modern-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic) Was made up of the sugar that grew on the island. It was one of the riches colonies in the world from the trade of sugarcane.

Why did President Truman not consider this alternative seriously?

Answers

Answer:

i think C

Explanation:

ill tell you why

president truman was in a crisis in a decision to either bomb them or not.

if i was the president in that situation, i would've seen how armes is that country. if they're highly armed and ready to attack our country, I'd bomb them, but if they are armed, but wanted peace with our country, i wouldn't.

that's my thought. hopefully im correct with the answer.

HELP HELP HELP!!!!This event made some people believe the U.S. could not win the war, growing antiwar protests.
A. My Lai Massacre
B. Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
C. Gulf of Tonkin Incident
D. Tet Offensive

Answers

Answer:

have to be letter A. My Lai Massacre

Why Italy is the cradle of Renaissance architecture

Answers

Explanation:

the renaissance was a rebirth of ancient Greek and Roman thinking and style, and both the Roman and Greek civilizations were Mediterranean cultures, as is Italy. the best single reason for Italy as the birthplace of the renaissance was the concentration of wealth, power and intellect in the church

Melting point of ice of pure water​

Answers

Explanation:

a. Melting point of ice of pure water - iii. 0 c

b. SI unit of area - v. m2

c. SI unit of volume - i. m3

d. Boiling point of water - ii. 100 c

e. The scientific learning begins from - iv. observation

Why did the Native American's observe the stars?

Answers

Answer:

Astronomy played in an important role in early Native American cultures, serving as the basis for governance, agricultural practices and more. And studying the stars also caused tribes to theorize about the beginning of life in the universe.

Explanation:

Archaeoastronomy is the study of how people of the past understood the stars and the sky, however this broadly applies to all ancient cultures. The Mayans, Celts, and Egyptians alike all had their own methods for tracking the movement of the stars and heavenly bodies, but all of these cultures have the common belief that the phenomenon above their heads was somehow larger and greater than they were. As such, the vast majority of ancient cultures associated the origins of everything, including the sky, moon, sun and earth with some form of mythology related to the star

HELP ME PLZ D:

Which of the following best describes who the rule of law applies to?

A - Only adults over the age of 18

B - All people who are not government officials

C - Equally to everyone

D - Only Supreme Court Justices

25 POINTS!

Answers

Answer:

c

Explanation:

because everylast rule applies to everybody

President Polk was willing to go to war with Mexico to

Answers

Answer:

Polk wanted to lay claim to California, New Mexico, and land near the disputed southern border of Texas

Explanation:

Vì sao nhà quản lý luôn phải xây dựng các kế hoạch đảo ngược tình huống khi ra quyết định quản lý?

Answers

can u translate it pls

Explanation:

I dont know this language

Which route did the Northern Pacific Railway follow to Washington?
It ran along the western United States to Seattle.
It ran across the northern United States to Seattle.
It ran along the western United States to Kalama.
It ran across the northern United States to Kalama.

Answers

Answer:

it ran across the northern United States to kalama

Select ALL the correct answers.
Which two ideas were expressed in Paine's Common Sense?


Respecting treaties with Native Americans was in everyone's best interest.

Enslaved men and women deserved to live free, vote, and own property.

Government may be a "necessary evil"; but it didn't require a monarchy.

The rise of an independent country in North America was inevitable.

Answers

The ideas expressed in Paine's common sense are

Government may be a "necessary evil"; but it didn't require a monarchy.The rise of an independent country in North America was inevitable.

In Paine's common sense publication, he made arguments for America's independence. He said that the Americans had to be free from the British rule.

He wrote that London was too far away in a different continent for them to rule America. That the Monarchy was a British establishment not American.  So the Americans should not be made to be under the rules of the monarch. He called the monarch the worst form of Government.

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Answer:

The rise of an independent country in North America was inevitable.

Government may be a "necessary evil"; but it didn't require a monarchy.

explanation:

How did the economic function of cities change in the course of the twentieth century?


from global to local


from industrial manufacture of commodities, to service industries


from manufacture of experiences, to consumption of experiences


from carbon-fuel based to solar powered

Answers

Answer:

I think its the second choice

Explanation:

In what ways did the conservative revolution of the 1980s and 1990s fail in its promise of tax cuts equaling balanced budgets? (hint- national debt increased 220% from 1981-1992- who were the presidents?)

Answers

The way that the conservative revolution of the 1980s and 1990s failed in its promise of tax cuts equaling balanced budgets was because the arrival of the conservative politicians who arrived at the White House thought that cutting or reducing 25% income taxes could take money from the legislative branch, affecting social programs that used to benefit the common American people.

> This conservative revolution would focus more on expending more on the military, diminishing the federal government's role in social programs.

> We are talking about a time when Republican Presidents Ronald Reagan and George W. H. Bush(father) were the leaders of the United States.

> For example, that is why Reagan believed that his "Reaganomics" plan had to make the US economy improve if Americans had more money to spend.

> Reaganomics was the term that identified the economic policies of President Ronald Reagan in 1981.

We conclude that "Reaganomics," was the economic policy of Republican President Ronald Regan that consisted of making cuts and reductions in four important areas of the economy of the United States: reduce the growth of government spending; cut income taxes and capital gain taxes; cut the expansion of the supply of money and diminish the regulation of business.

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The dehumanizing aspects of the slave system were seen in which of the following? Select all correct responses.

The threat and anticipation of punishment
Humiliation
Branding
Mutilation
Whipping

Answers

Answer:

self-mutilation

escaping

acting sick

Explanation:mark brainlest plz ;)

Do home maker get all rights?

Answers

Yes, home maker get all rights
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