he relationship between the heart and the lungs can be described as:

The answer is (c): the rhomboid muscles are responsible for scapular elevation, retraction, and downward rotation.

In order to perform a submandibular sialogram, a cannula for the injection of contrast material is typically placed at the orifice of the submandibular duct.

The blue box in the nasal cavity represents the area where the contrast material would flow during the sialography study, allowing visualization of the submandibular ducts and their drainage into the nasal cavity.

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The genetic material of almost all living organisms is DNA, and this answer is correct. DNA is an acronym for deoxyribonucleic acid, which is a complex organic macromolecule that contains genetic instructions essential to the development and function of all known living organisms.

The role of DNA in all living organisms is to store genetic information that provides instructions for the formation and functioning of all living cells. DNA carries information on how organisms will grow, develop, and reproduce, as well as how they will respond to environmental changes or stimuli.

Each DNA molecule is made up of a long chain of nucleotides, which consist of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, or cytosine). The amount of DNA contained within a cell varies according to the species.

Bacteria, for example, typically have a small amount of DNA, whereas larger organisms like humans have much more. It is estimated that the human genome, which is the complete set of DNA instructions for a human being, contains over 3 billion nucleotide base pairs. Therefore, the correct answer is B (DNA).

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The amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in plasma depends on the partial pressure of CO2 in the environment. In normal conditions, the partial pressure of CO2 is around 40 mmHg in arterial blood, which results in around 5 to 6 percent of CO2 being dissolved in the plasma.

The amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in the plasma is dependent on several factors, including the partial pressure of CO2 in the surrounding air or environment. However, the average amount of carbon dioxide in the plasma is around 5 to 6 percent by volume, carbon dioxide is a waste product of metabolism and is transported through the bloodstream to the lungs for elimination. The majority of CO2 is carried as bicarbonate ion, with the rest bound to hemoglobin or dissolved in plasma. The amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in plasma depends on the partial pressure of CO2 in the environment. In normal conditions, the partial pressure of CO2 is around 40 mmHg in arterial blood, which results in around 5 to 6 percent of CO2 being dissolved in the plasma.

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In manufacturing, a cellular layout is a system that organizes workers and machines into small groups or cells based on product type, volume, or operation sequence.

This setup allows for quicker material flow and reduces the distance that parts and goods must travel. Cellular layouts may also help reduce the need for transportation, waiting time, and motion, which all aid in lean production.

Compared to a functional layout, cellular layouts have the following benefits: Small teams, generally cross-trained in various tasks, operate in each cell, and are responsible for producing a finished item.

A clear division of labor, coupled with a focus on quality, enables workers to take pride in their work and responsibility for the success of the process. Cellular production allows for reduced cycle times, shorter lead times, and lower work-in-progress (WIP) inventories.

The mobility of the workforce and the ease with which cells may be reconfigured make it a versatile and scalable solution.

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The substance that helps the body make energy, is part of every cell membrane, and aids in forming healthy bones and teeth is phosphorus.

Phospholipids form a bilayer structure that surrounds cells, providing structural support and regulating the transport of substances in and out of the cell.

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Retroviruses are a type of RNA virus that has the ability to reverse transcribe their RNA genome into DNA. The unique pattern of information flow that is specific to retroviruses within a cell is: C) RNA → DNA

Once the viral RNA is reverse-transcribed into DNA, the resulting DNA molecule, known as proviral DNA, integrates into the host cell's genome. From there, it can be transcribed into RNA and subsequently translated into viral proteins. The correct option is C) RNA → DNA

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The answer to the question is true: chloroplasts are found only in members of the kingdom plantae. Chloroplasts are cell structures that are unique to plant cells. They are responsible for photosynthesis, which is the process by which plants produce their own food.

Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, a green pigment that is essential for photosynthesis to occur. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy that they can use to grow and reproduce. Chloroplasts are found in the leaves of plants and in other green parts of the plant, such as the stems and the flowers. They are not found in animal cells or in other organisms that are not members of the kingdom plantae.

Thus, chloroplasts are a unique feature of plant cells and are essential for the process of photosynthesis. They are only found in members of the kingdom plantae and are not present in other organisms.

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two identical aquariums with fish species, labeled "control" and "test" aquariums. Control variables remain constant, ammonia introduced. Observation over time. Results show healthy fish in control aquarium, suggesting ammonia may not be the primary factor.

Experiment design:
1. Select two identical aquariums with the same number and species of fish.
2. Label one aquarium as the "control" and the other as the "test" aquarium.
3. Keep all the controlled variables the same in both aquariums, such as temperature, pH levels, lighting, filtration system, and feeding schedule.
4. Introduce the same amount of ammonia into the test aquarium, while the control aquarium remains ammonia-free.
5. Observe the fish in both aquariums over a specific period of time.

Potential outcomes and conclusions:
1. Outcome: The fish in the control aquarium are healthy, while the fish in the test aquarium show signs of distress or die.
  Conclusion: The presence of ammonia in the aquarium water negatively affects the fish's health, confirming the hypothesis.

2. Outcome: Both the control and test aquariums show healthy fish.
  Conclusion: Ammonia may not be the primary factor causing the fish to die, suggesting that other variables should be investigated.

By conducting this experiment, we can determine if high levels of ammonia are indeed causing the fish to die. It is important to keep all other variables constant to ensure accurate results.

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Traits that have both inherited and environmental causes are termed multifactorial traits. These traits are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors and include a wide range of characteristics, including height, weight, blood pressure, and susceptibility to diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer.

Inherited factors that affect these traits include variations in DNA sequences, gene expression patterns, and epigenetic modifications. Environmental factors that can affect these traits include diet, exercise, exposure to toxins, stress, and other lifestyle factors. Additionally, multifactorial traits can also be influenced by complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors, making them difficult to study and understand.Most multifactorial traits are thought to result from the combined effects of many genes, each of which contributes a small amount to the overall variation in the trait. The contribution of environmental factors can also vary depending on the trait and the individual. For example, an individual's diet may have a greater impact on their risk of developing type 2 diabetes if they have a genetic predisposition to the disease.

Therefore, multifactorial traits are those that are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. They are complex and difficult to study, as they result from the combined effects of many genes and environmental factors. These traits include a wide range of characteristics and are important to understand for the prevention and treatment of many diseases.

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In summary, thermal power plants and hydro power plants differ in terms of the energy sources they use. Thermal power plants generate electricity from burning fossil fuels, while hydro power plants generate electricity from moving water. Thermal power plants are less environmentally friendly, whereas hydro power plants are more environment friendly.

Thermal power plants and hydro power plants are two different types of power plants used to generate electricity. They differ on the basis of energy generation, which means the sources used to produce electricity. Below are some differences between thermal power and hydro power plants on the basis of energy generation:

THERMAL POWER PLANTS:

Thermal power plants use thermal energy from burning fossil fuels, nuclear reactions, or geothermal heat to generate electricity. These plants burn fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas, and oil to heat water and produce steam. The steam turns turbines connected to a generator, producing electricity. However, this process emits large amounts of carbon dioxide, which contributes to climate change. Hence, thermal power plants are not environment friendly. They also require large quantities of water for cooling, which causes water pollution.

HEALTH POWER PLANTS:

Hydro power plants generate electricity from moving water. This moving water comes from flowing rivers, waterfalls, and dams. Hydro power plants use turbines that convert the kinetic energy of water into mechanical energy. The mechanical energy is then converted into electrical energy by a generator. This method does not produce any pollution, and water is reused to generate electricity. Hence, hydro power plants are environment friendly, and they do not require any fuel to produce electricity.

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A) Calculate the moment exerted by a muscle force (Fm) about the hip joint (MHA)The moment arm (MA) can be determined by multiplying the sine of the angle between the force vector and the moment arm by the length of the moment arm.

Moment (M) = F * MA where F is force and MA is the moment arm.The angle between the force and the vertical axis is 30°.

Therefore, the moment arm is

MA = r * sin(30) = 0.1 * sin(30) = 0.05m.

Moment (M) = Fm * MAMHA = - Fm * 0.05 M N*m

B) Calculate the muscle force (FM) that causes the moment, followed by decomposing the muscle force into the horizontal (FMZ) and vertical directions (FMY).

MHA = - Fm * 0.05 MN* m (where MHA is the moment exerted by a muscle force (Fm) about the hip joint)

Therefore, Fm = - [tex]\frac{MHA}{0.05}[/tex] N*m

Fm = - [tex]\frac{(-800)}{0.05}[/tex] = 16000 N

The horizontal component FMZ is given by:

FMZ = Fm cos (θ)

FMZ = 16000 * cos(30) = 13856 N

The vertical component FMY is given by: FMY = Fm sin (θ)

FMY = 16000 * sin(30) = 8000 NC)

What would change in this situation if the muscle were 1.5x stronger? The moment exerted would be 1.5 times as great if the muscle were 1.5 times stronger.  The muscle force would be 1.5 times greater, which would result in a 1.5 times greater vertical and horizontal component.

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Sea otters are one of the few mammals that are able to regulate their body temperature in cold water through the use of their muscle cells. This adaptation has allowed them to thrive in their cold, marine environment.

Sea otters need their muscle cells to produce heat because they live in cold water and must maintain their body temperature. This is because they do not have a thick layer of blubber like other marine mammals such as whales or seals, and therefore have to rely on other methods of heat retention.Their dense fur helps to insulate them, but it is their muscle cells that produce the most heat. By contracting and relaxing their muscles, they can generate heat to maintain their body temperature even in cold water. This is especially important for sea otter pups who are unable to regulate their body temperature when they are born and rely on their mother's warmth.Sea otters are one of the few mammals that are able to regulate their body temperature in cold water through the use of their muscle cells. This adaptation has allowed them to thrive in their cold, marine environment.

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The two organelles that contain their own genome are mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Mitochondria are organelles that are involved in the production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) molecules in cells. They contain their own genome, which is separate from the DNA in the nucleus of the cell.

Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells that are involved in photosynthesis. They also contain their own genome. The genome of both mitochondria and chloroplasts is circular and relatively small, compared to the nuclear genome.

Both of these organelles are thought to have evolved from free-living prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells. This theory is supported by the fact that both mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and are able to reproduce independently of the cell.

Additionally, the genomes of these organelles are similar in structure to the genomes of modern-day bacteria and archaea. The presence of these two organelles in eukaryotic cells is thought to have played an important role in the evolution of life on Earth.

Their ability to produce energy (in the case of mitochondria) and to capture energy from sunlight (in the case of chloroplasts) allowed eukaryotic cells to become more complex and to take advantage of new ecological niches.

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The contact angle is the angle formed between a liquid droplet and a solid surface at the point where they come into contact. It is a measure of the wettability of the surface by the liquid.

The pressure angle refers to the rotational position of a camshaft in an engine. A camshaft has lobes or cams that are used to control the opening and closing of valves in the engine.

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True. Muscle burns three times more calories than fat on a daily basis.

It's true that the quantity of muscle mass and the rate at which it is used affects how many calories are burned. To put it another way, muscles burn more calories than fat. As a result, the more muscle you have, the more calories you burn even when you're resting.

According to studies, a pound of muscle burns six calories each day, while a pound of fat only burns two calories per day. This suggests that by converting fat into muscle, you can burn more calories, even when you're not working out. As a result, it's important to consider strength training as part of your fitness routine. Regular strength training workouts can help you build muscle, burn fat, and increase your metabolism. As a result, it's easier to maintain a healthy weight.

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Broccoli and cabbage were domesticated from wild mustard plants through a process known as selective breeding or artificial selection.

Selective breeding is a method used by humans to choose and cultivate plants or animals with desirable traits for future generations.

In the case of broccoli and cabbage, ancient farmers selectively bred wild mustard plants (Brassica oleracea) that exhibited specific characteristics, such as larger leaves, thicker stems, and compact inflorescence.

Over generations of cultivation, they consistently chose and propagated plants that displayed these desirable traits, while discarding or not propagating those with undesirable traits.

This Selective breeding and cultivation process led to the development of distinct varieties, including broccoli, cauliflower, kale, Brussels sprouts, and different types of cabbages.

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The correct statements about the role of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) in the enzymes we have studied are:

So, the correct statements are that TPP facilitates decarboxylations and it has a long aliphatic side chain that attaches to a lysine to make a tether.

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The correct sequence of an organization from smallest to largest is: atom - molecule - organelle - cell - tissue - organ - organ system - organism - population - community - ecosystem - biosphere

Communities along with their physical environment form an ecosystem, and all ecosystems on Earth make up the biosphere.

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A drop of blood entering a renal artery would pass through a segmental artery, interlobar artery, and arcuate artery before reaching a cortical radiate artery.

The correct answer is "arcuate artery." After passing through the segmental artery and interlobar artery, the blood would enter the arcuate artery before reaching the cortical radiate artery (also known as the interlobular artery).

The arcuate artery runs along the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney and gives rise to the cortical radiate arteries, which then penetrate the renal cortex to supply blood to the nephrons.

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The type of vertebra that has a transverse costal facet is the thoracic vertebra. The thoracic vertebrae are the twelve vertebrae in the middle portion of the vertebral column. The correct option is (E) thoracic

The presence of transverse costal facets on the thoracic vertebrae is an important characteristic that allows for the attachment and articulation of the ribs, contributing to the stability and movement of the thoracic region of the spine.

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A person who is homozygous recessive at a locus has two copies of the same recessive allele at a particular locus. Homozygous recessive individuals will display the recessive phenotype.

If the dominant allele is present, homozygous recessive people will not show the dominant phenotype.

In genetics, a locus is a specific position on a chromosome that corresponds to a particular gene. Alleles are different versions of the same gene that exist at a specific locus. To put it another way, a gene locus is a specific position on a chromosome where a particular gene is located.In humans, some disorders are recessive. Cystic fibrosis is an example of a recessive disease. The person with the recessive allele must inherit two copies of the recessive allele to exhibit the disease. One copy of the gene is inherited from each parent.

As a result, both parents must pass on the recessive gene for their child to be affected by the disease.

The homozygous recessive individual, in the case of cystic fibrosis, has two copies of the recessive allele at the cystic fibrosis gene locus.

Therefore, they will display the disease's symptoms. The person who is homozygous recessive for this allele, which means they have inherited two copies of the recessive allele at the cystic fibrosis gene locus, will have the disease.

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The answer is domains of knowledge in personality differ mainly . The domains of knowledge in personality are differences in individuals' personality.

It means that different types of personality require different knowledge domains to explain them. The three domains of knowledge in personality are as follows:

Domain of biological or dispositional knowledge: Biological or dispositional knowledge is the domain that explains the biological and physiological aspects of personality. This domain focuses on the genetic and environmental factors that influence an individual's personality.

Domain of experiential or intrapsychic knowledge: Experiential or intrapsychic knowledge is the domain that explains the internal mental processes and experiences of personality. It focuses on the emotions, motivations, thoughts, and feelings that influence an individual's behavior and personality.

Domain of socio-cultural knowledge: Socio-cultural knowledge is the domain that explains how cultural and societal factors influence an individual's personality. It focuses on the social norms, values, and beliefs that shape the behavior and personality of individuals.

The three domains of knowledge in personality are biological or dispositional knowledge, experiential or intrapsychic knowledge, and socio-cultural knowledge. These domains are used to explain the differences in individuals' personality.

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Thus, the given statement "The polyA tail is added immediately after the stop codon: True False" is False.

Poly(A) tail is a sequence of 100-250 adenine (A) nucleotides added to the 3′ end of most eukaryotic mRNA molecules. The poly(A) tail is added during mRNA processing, shortly after transcription initiation and prior to the mRNA’s exit from the nucleus.

It is a highly conserved aspect of mRNA processing, meaning that most eukaryotes add the poly(A) tail to their mRNA molecules.

The process of polyadenylation, which includes the addition of a poly(A) tail, happens to eukaryotic mRNA molecules while they are still within the nucleus. The poly(A) tail is added subsequent to the 3′ untranslated region and the stop codon, as shown below.

The poly(A) tail is added subsequent to the stop codon and the 3′ untranslated region. It is an important component of eukaryotic mRNA molecules that plays a critical role in their regulation, stability, and translation.

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Patients with pathologic S3 are indicative of a possible underlying heart condition. The sound of pathologic S3 is louder and more pronounced than normal S3 sound and can be heard in individuals with heart failure, myocarditis, and other types of heart disease.

S3, also known as the third heart sound, is a low-frequency sound that occurs in early diastole. It is a natural sound that is present in healthy individuals and is created when the blood rapidly enters the ventricles and strikes against the ventricular walls.

The S3 sound is often considered to be an indication of heart disease when it is present in people over the age of 40.Pathologic S3 is a term that is used to describe an abnormal S3 sound.

In people with heart disease, the S3 sound can become louder and more pronounced. This is because the blood is not flowing through the heart in a normal way, which causes the ventricles to vibrate differently.

The abnormal S3 sound can also be caused by the stiffening of the ventricular walls, which can be a result of heart disease.The presence of a pathologic S3 in a patient indicates the possibility of an underlying heart condition. This sound is often found in patients with heart failure, myocarditis, and other types of heart disease.

If a pathologic S3 is detected in a patient, the healthcare provider will likely order additional testing to determine the underlying cause. These tests may include a chest x-ray, echocardiogram, and blood tests.

The treatment for a pathologic S3 depends on the underlying cause. For example, if the patient has heart failure, the treatment may include medications to improve heart function, diuretics to reduce fluid buildup, and lifestyle changes such as reducing salt intake and increasing physical activity. Overall, the presence of a pathologic S3 is an important indicator of heart disease and should be taken seriously.

Patients with pathologic S3 are indicative of a possible underlying heart condition. The sound of pathologic S3 is louder and more pronounced than normal S3 sound and can be heard in individuals with heart failure, myocarditis, and other types of heart disease.

Pathologic S3 can be caused by the abnormal flow of blood through the heart or the stiffening of the ventricular walls. If pathologic S3 is detected in a patient, additional tests may be recommended, such as echocardiogram, chest x-ray, and blood tests.

The treatment for pathologic S3 depends on the underlying condition. In case of heart failure, the treatment can include medications, diuretics, and lifestyle changes such as reducing salt intake and increasing physical activity.

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In conclusion, humans are unable to digest dietary fibers completely.

Carbohydrates are one of the essential macronutrients in our daily diet. It is the primary source of energy for our bodies. Carbohydrates can be classified into three groups:

Simple carbohydrates, Complex carbohydrates, and Dietary fibers. Out of these groups, humans are unable to digest dietary fibers completely.

Human beings cannot digest dietary fibers. Unlike simple and complex carbohydrates, dietary fibers are indigestible carbohydrates. They are made up of a type of complex carbohydrate known as cellulose, which cannot be broken down by the human digestive system.

The human body lacks the enzymes necessary to break down fiber. Instead, fiber passes through the digestive system mostly undigested until it reaches the large intestine, where it is fermented by bacteria. This fermentation process helps in the production of short-chain fatty acids, which are vital for maintaining the health of the gut.

Unlike simple and complex carbohydrates, dietary fibers are indigestible carbohydrates that the human digestive system cannot break down.

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The six types are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction. Flexion is the opposite of extension. When flexion takes place, the angle of the joint reduces, while when extension takes place, the angle of the joint increases.In conclusion, the type of movement that decreases the angle of the joint is called flexion.

The type of movement that decreases the angle of the joint is called flexion.Flexion is a content loaded type of movement that decreases the angle of the joint. The movement can be found at several points in the body, including the elbow, knee, shoulder, and ankle joints, to mention a few. When the angle of the joint reduces, the limb involved bends or flexes. For instance, when an individual lifts their leg to take a step, they flex their hip and knee joints to raise the foot off the ground.Flexion is one of the six types of joint movements that can be carried out in a synovial joint. The six types are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction. Flexion is the opposite of extension. When flexion takes place, the angle of the joint reduces, while when extension takes place, the angle of the joint increases.In conclusion, the type of movement that decreases the angle of the joint is called flexion.

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In both red and white wine production, grapes are typically pressed to extract the juice before fermentation. The statement is True

This is because red wines obtain their color, tannins, and additional flavor components from the contact between the juice and the grape skins during fermentation.

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Sex refers to biological and physical characteristics, while gender refers to the social and cultural roles and identities associated with being male or female in a particular society or culture. Sex and gender are two distinct concepts, and their meanings differ in the field of archaeology and anthropology.

Sex: Sex refers to the biological and physical characteristics that differentiate individuals as male or female. These characteristics are typically determined by reproductive anatomy and genetics, such as primary and secondary sexual characteristics.

Gender: Gender, on the other hand, is a social and cultural construct that encompasses the roles, behaviors, identities, and expectations associated with being male or female in a particular society or culture. Gender is influenced by social, cultural, and historical factors and can vary across different societies and time periods.

In archaeological contexts, sex is often determined through the analysis of skeletal remains, examining biological markers such as pelvic structure, skull features, or DNA analysis. It is an assessment of an individual's biological sex at birth.

On the other hand, gender in archaeological studies is more challenging to ascertain as it involves understanding the cultural and social roles and identities associated with individuals. Gender can be inferred from the presence or absence of certain grave goods, burial practices, or other cultural indicators. However, it is important to note that gender cannot be definitively determined from archaeological evidence alone and is often subject to interpretation and speculation based on cultural context.

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The correct option is b. The germinal stage and embryonic period are two developmental stages of the human embryo. The cells in the developing organism are identical in the germinal stage, whereas in the embryonic period, the cells in the developing organism are differentiated.

During the germinal stage, all the cells in the developing organism are identical.

At this stage, the fertilized egg divides into many smaller cells, which are identical to the original fertilized egg.

In contrast, during the embryonic period, the cells in the developing organism are differentiated.

At this stage, the cells begin to specialize and form different tissues and organs.

Therefore, option b. identical; differentiated is the correct answer.

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