Após conduzir o processo de independência do Brasil, D. Pedro I governou o Brasil de 1822 até 1831, em um período conhecido como Primeiro Reinado. Depois da declaração de independência, seguiram-se alguns conflitos conhecidos como Guerra de independência, que ocorreram em diferentes partes do Brasil. Portugal somente reconheceu a independência brasileira, de fato, em 1825, após a mediação realizada pela Inglaterra e após o Brasil aceitar realizar o pagamento de dois milhões de libras como indenização.

Assim que D. Pedro I foi coroado imperador do Brasil, o primeiro grande desafio que surgiu – além da busca pelo reconhecimento internacional – foi redigir uma constituição para o país. A formulação dessa primeira constituição coube a Assembleia Constituinte que iniciou os trabalhos em maio de 1823. Depois de intensos debates, os deputados apresentaram um projeto de Constituição que limitava os poderes de D. Pedro I que se sentiu ameaçado. Então na madrugada de 12 de novembro de 1823, durante a Assembleia Constituinte, no Rio de Janeiro, Pedro I mandou o Exército invadir o plenário da Assembleia Constituinte, que não resistiu, não conseguindo evitar sua dissolução. Vários deputados foram presos e deportados – esse episódio ficou conhecido como Noite da Agonia.

D. Pedro I tomou outra medida autoritária nomeou 10 pessoas de sua confiança para escrever uma nova constituição. Essa constituição ficou pronta e foi outorgada, ou seja, imposta por vontade do imperador, no dia 25 de março de 1824.

Logo depois da Constituição de 1824 eclodiu a Confederação do Equador (em 1824), os envolvidos nessa revolta se contrapunham à Constituição e às medidas autoritárias de D. Pedro I. Essa revolta principiada em Recife teve como lideranças frei Caneca e Manoel de Carvalho Paes de Andrade. A Confederação do Equador tinha caráter separatista e defendia a formação de uma república.

Outra revolta aconteceu na província da Cisplatina, em 1825, e acabou resultando em uma guerra. Essa região havia sido anexada de maneira definitiva pelo Brasil em 1816, ainda durante o Período Joanino. Em 1825, uma revolta eclodiu declarando a separação da Cisplatina do Brasil e sua anexação com as Províncias Unidas do Rio da Prata (atual Argentina).

Isso fez com que o governo brasileiro declarasse guerra contra o governo de Buenos Aires, no conflito conhecido como Guerra da Cisplatina. Esse conflito estendeu-se até 1828 e foi extremamente desgastante para o Brasil, principalmente por questões econômicas. O fim da guerra foi mediado pela Inglaterra e resultou nos dois governos abrindo mão da região. Assim, a Cisplatina garantiu sua independência sob o nome de República Oriental do Uruguai.

As grandes críticas que D. Pedro I sofria do “Partido Brasileiro” (grupo formado pelos nascidos no Brasil que apoiaram a independência) fizeram com ele ficasse mais próximo do “Partido Português” (portugueses que haviam sido contrários à independência). Isso acirrou os ânimos entre brasileiros e portugueses e levou a um evento conhecido como Noite das Garrafadas, quando brasileiros atacaram portugueses no Rio de Janeiro, em março de 1831.

Sem o apoio popular e do exército, e acompanhando o acirramento dos ânimos entre portugueses e brasileiros, D. Pedro I viu-se obrigado a renunciar e, assim, abdicou do trono brasileiro em favor de seu filho, em 7 de abril de 1831. Com isso, foi iniciado um período de transição até Pedro de Alcântara ter a idade suficiente para assumir o governo brasileiro.



Com base no texto acima sobre o Primeiro Reinado elabore uma linha do tempo com as datas e os acontecimentos mais importantes desse período que estão em negrito no texto (reler o texto).

Answer:

Posteriormente, João VI regresó a Portugal, dejando a su hijo mayor y heredero, Pedro, para gobernar el Reino de Brasil como regente. El 7 de septiembre de 1822, Pedro declaró la independencia de Brasil y después de librar una guerra exitosa contra el reino de su padre, fue aclamado el 12 de octubre como Pedro I, el primer emperador de Brasil.

Explanation:

The Portuguese “discovery” of Brazil was preceded by a series of treaties between the kings of Portugal and Castile, following Portuguese sailings down the coast of Africa to India and the voyages to the Caribbean of the Genoese mariner sailing for Castile, Christopher Columbus. The most decisive of these treaties was the Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in 1494, that created the Tordesillas Meridian, dividing the world between those two kingdoms. All land discovered or to be discovered east of that meridian was to be the property of Portugal, and everything to the west of it went to Spain.

The Tordesillas Meridian divided South America into two parts, leaving a large chunk of land to be exploited by the Spaniards. The Treaty of Tordesillas was one of the most decisive events in all Brazilian history, since it alone determined that a portion of South America would be settled by Portugal instead of Spain. The present extent of Brazil’s coastline is almost exactly that defined by the Treaty of Madrid, which was approved in 1750.

On April 22, 1500, during the reign of King Manuel I, a fleet led by navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral landed in Brazil and took possession of the land in the name of the king. Although it is debated whether previous Portuguese explorers had already been in Brazil, this date is widely and politically accepted as the day of the discovery of Brazil by Europeans. Álvares Cabral was leading a large fleet of 13 ships and more than 1,000 men following Vasco da Gama ‘s way to India, around Africa. The place where Álvares Cabral arrived is now known as Porto Seguro (“safe harbor”) in Northeastern Brazil.

After the voyage of Álvares Cabral, the Portuguese concentrated their efforts on the lucrative possessions in Africa and India and showed little interest in Brazil. Between 1500 and 1530, relatively few Portuguese expeditions came to the new land to chart the coast and obtain brazilwood, which the Portuguese had identified as a valuable commodity upon arrival and from where Brazil gets its name. In Europe, this wood was used to produce a valuable dye to give color to luxury textiles. To extract brazilwood from the tropical rainforest, the Portuguese and other Europeans relied on the work of the natives, who initially labored in exchange for European goods like mirrors, scissors, knives, and axes.

In this early stage of the colonization of Brazil and also later, the Portuguese frequently relied on the help of Europeans who lived together with the indigenous peoples and knew their languages and culture. The most famous of these were João Ramalho, who lived among the Guaianaz tribe near today’s São Paulo, and Diogo Álvares Correia, nicknamed Caramuru, who lived among the Tupinambá natives near today’s Salvador da Bahia.

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