Answer:
Place
Explanation:
The marketing mix is defined as a set of the marketing tools which the organizations use them to obtain their marketing objectives in their target markets.
In other words, it is the foundation model for the businesses. It defines the key management decisions that are needed to achieve success in the marketing world.
The four P's in marketing are :
price , product , place and promotion.
A product's target market is a part of 'place' of the 4 P's of the marketing strategy.
To prepare for an overseas assignment, employees will often role play various situations and practice responding in culturally sensitive ways. This process is most effective when the trainer can include people from the actual host country to help. The goal is to duplicate as closely as possible scenarios that the employees may face, such as having to question or reprimand a local employee, making a presentation to host country upper-level managers, or approaching a person of the opposite gender in countries where the sexes do not mix as freely as in the United States. This process is called
Answer:
Cultural simulation training
Explanation:
In the case of Cultural simulation training, the employees could take part in the role playing that involved the different kind of situations. Here the effectiveness of the training should be rised up various kind of folds at the time when the training is to be done in the host country
The purpose is to develop the platform where the employee could face during the time of visit in a diffrent country
So, its a cultural simulation training
Abba, Inc. is considering dropping a product line. During the prior year, the line had sales of $207,000 and a contribution margin of $124,000. Fixed expenses consist of: Salaries $60,000 Rent 50,000 Advertising 20,000 Administrative 35,000 Total fixed expenses $165,000 The product line manager's $60,000 salary is avoidable as is the $20,000 of advertising. Of the administrative expenses, $10,000 is avoidable. The rest are general allocated expenses that will not change if the product is dropped. The rent expense is allocated to product lines based on sales and represents a share of the total cost for the building. If this product line is dropped overall net operating income will:
Answer:
Overall net income will decrease by $34,000.
Explanation:
Calculation to determine net operating income
Using this formula formula
Net operating income=Contribution margin -Avoidable costs
Where,
Contribution margin =$124,000
Avoidable costs= Salaries $60,000
+Advertising $20,000+Administrative expenses $10,000
Let plug in the formula
Net operating income=$124,000-($60,000+$20,000+$10,000)
Net operating income=$124,000-$90,000
Net operating income=$34,000 Decrease
Therefore If this product line is dropped overall net operating income will:decrease by $34,000
An increase in consumer income increases the demand for automobiles. As a result of the adjustment to a new equilibrium, there is a(n):
A. rightward shift of the supply curve
B. upward movement along the supply curve
C. no change in the graph
D. leftward shift of the supply curve
E. downward movement along the supply curve
Answer:
B. upward movement along the supply curve.
Explanation:
An increase in the income of a consumer income would have a significant impact on the quantity of goods demanded by him or her such as increasing the demand for automobiles. As a result of the adjustment to a new equilibrium, there is an upward movement along the supply curve
The materials price variance is the difference between the actual price of materials ______. Multiple choice question. and the standard price for materials with the difference multiplied by the standard quantity of material allowed and the standard price for materials with the difference multiplied by the actual quantity of materials times the actual quantity of materials and the standard price of materials times the standard quantity allowed for production
Answer:
and the standard price paid for direct materials multiplied by the actual quantity of direct materials purchased
Explanation:
The formula to calculate the material price variance is
Material price variance is
= (Standard price - actual price) × actual quantity
Based on the above formula, the above statement represent the formula of the material price variance
Hence, the same is to be considered
Product differentiation by incumbents act as an entry barrier because a. incumbents will take legal action if new entrants do not differentiate their products. b. it helps a firm to derive greater economies of scale. c. new entrants cannot differentiate their products. d. new entrants will have to spend heavily to overcome existing customer loyalties.
Answer:
d. new entrants will have to spend heavily to overcome existing customer loyalties.
Explanation:
When the product is different and can be recognized by an incumbent so the same should be acted as the entry barrier as the new entrants should spend more amount so that they would able to overcome the loyalties of the customer that are pre-existed in the market
So according to the given situation, the option d is correct
And, the remaining of the options should be incorrect
Product differentiation by incumbents act as an entry barrier because new entrants will have to spend heavily to overcome existing customer loyalties. Hence option D is correct.
Product differentiation by incumbents can act as an entry barrier for new competitors because established firms have already built brand loyalty and customer relationships. This makes it difficult for new entrants to attract customers away from the existing offerings.
To overcome this barrier, new entrants would need to invest significantly in marketing, advertising, and promotion to differentiate their products and create their own customer base. This can require substantial financial resources and marketing efforts to establish brand recognition and gain customer trust and loyalty.
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Which phrase best describes the purpose of a slide master? Check all that apply.
A. to determine the layout for each individual slide in a presentation
B. to allow users to give each slide in a presentation a unique look and feel
C. to establish the layout of all slides, or a group of slides, in a presentation
D. to determine the theme of all slides, or a group of slides, in a presentation
E. to set the thematic characteristics of each individual slide in a presentation
F. to allow users to apply changes in layout or theme to an entire presentation
Answer: to establish the layout of all slides, or a group of slides, in a presentation.
to determine the theme of all slides, or a group of slides, in a presentation.
to allow users to apply changes in layout or theme to an entire presentation.
Explanation:
It should be noted that the Slide Master refers to the top slide which controls the information regarding the background, fonts, theme, layout, and color of all the slides in Microsoft PowerPoint.
The phrase best describes the purpose of a slide master include:
• to establish the layout of all slides, or a group of slides, in a presentation.
• to determine the theme of all slides, or a group of slides, in a presentation.
• to allow users to apply changes in layout or theme to an entire presentation.
Therefore, the correct options are C, D and F.
Answer:
C
D
F
Explanation:
edge
The Splash clothing brand has been in business for 30 years. People wear the clothes because they embody independence and strength. Even when the company faced allegations of child labor, the public defended the company and bought Splash jeans in support of the company. In the 90s, as prices soared and many competitors entered the market, people flocked to Splash stores in record numbers. What has the Splash brand created
Answer:
18s I think is that 70 it will be 1870
Bob and his sister Betty are co-owners of their late parents' business. Bob actively manages the business; Betty supplies capital from her inheritance but does not work in the business. They squabble over the distribution of profits from the business. Bob likely sees his sister as a _____, whereas Betty views her brother as a(n) _____. Group of answer choices predator; parasite co-owner; employee parasite; predator stockholder; manager
Answer: Parasite, predator
Explanation:
Managing businesses isn't an easy task despite it might be going well. On managing business, certain agreement has to be reached such as who finances , manages, and how interests are shared, when all these are well spelled out there would be no room for the other party to feel cheated while the other feels same way too. Betty and her brother feel cheated about each other's input regarding their business because they probably didn't spell out how the business operations would be run, they'll need to sort this out so they don't see each other so again.
causes of corruption?
Answer:
Personal greed, Decline of personal ethical sensitivity, the size and structure of governments, economic freedom/openness of economy, Cultural environments that condone corruption, Lack of transparency, Slow judicial processes, etc.
Explanation:
Answer:
MAIN CAUSE OF CORRUPTION ATE
1)GREATER NUMBER OF POPULATION.
2) WEAKNESS OF THE SOCIETY
3) THERE BE LESS AWARNESS.
4)SELF DESTRUCTIVE MINDED PERSON.
5) MAKING MUCH RICH AND LIVING COMFORTABLE
Hero Rent-A-Car has been the market leader in auto rentals for many years. Its employees are confident that they understand everything it takes to be successful in the industry and they feel they have nothing to learn from other companies both inside and outside the auto rental industry. Hero likely has what type of corporate culture
Answer:
Hero has an Insular corporate culture.
AmeriSource is a distributor of pharmaceutical products and related health-care services. It merged with Bergen in 2001 to become AmerisourceBergen. It provides a wide assortment of pharmaceutical products to health-care institutions such as hospitals. It also provides technical advice, equipment, and support for health-care institutions throughout the United States. AmerisourceBergen is best classified as a
Answer:
full-service wholesaler.
Explanation:
Based on the description in the question, AmerisourceBergen is best classified as a FULL-SERVICE WHOLESALER.
A full-service wholesaler or full function wholesaler is defined as a wholesaler who offers various forms of services such as buying, selling, storing, transporting, sorting, financing, providing market feedback, and risk-taking activities while serving the industry to which it belongs.
Hence, in this case, the right answer is A FULL-SERVICE WHOLESALER
Tina purchased a personal umbrella policy with a $1 million limit. Her insurer required her to carry liability limits of 250/500/50 under her auto insurance policy. The personal umbrella policy was written with a $1,000 self-insured retention. Tina was responsible for an auto accident in which the other driver was severely injured. The other driver's bodily injuries were $400,000 and the property damage was $20,000. How much will the insurer pay under Tina's umbrella policy
Answer: $150000
Explanation:
The Personal Umbrella Policy helps in the provision of protection against a catastrophic judgement. Also, the excess liability insurance will be provided in amounts starting from $1-$10 million.
Based on the information given in the question, the amount that the insurer will pay under TIna's umbrella policy will be:
= $400,000 - $250,000
= $150,000
The insurer will pay $150,000 under Tina's umbrella Policy wherein it not only covers the policy owner but also other family members or households.
What is a Personal Umbrella Policy?Umbrella insurance is a type of personal liability insurance that covers claims in excess of homeowners, car policy, or shipping policy. The umbrella insurance covers not only the policy owner but also other family members or households.
The Personal Umbrella Policy helps in the provision of protection against a catastrophic judgment. Also, the excess liability insurance will be provided in amounts starting from $1-$10 million.
Based on the information, the amount that the insurer will pay under Tina's umbrella policy will be:
[tex]= \$400,000 - \$250,000\\\\= \$150,000[/tex]
Hence, The insurer will pay $150,000 under Tina's umbrella Policy.
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Owning a patent: Multiple Choice Gives its owner an exclusive right to manufacture and sell a device or to use a process for 50 years. Gives the owner exclusive rights to manufacture and sell a patented item or to use a process for 20 years. Gives the owner the exclusive right to publish and sell a musical or literary work during the life of the creator plus 70 years. Gives its owner the exclusive right to publish and sell a musical or literary work during the life of the creator plus 17 years. Indicates that the value of a company exceeds the fair market value of a company's net assets if purchased separately.
Answer:
Gives the owner exclusive rights to manufacture and sell a patented item or to use a process for 20 years
Explanation:
A patent is defined as a rights that the owner of an innovative product or process has that allows him to exclusively manufacturer the product or have the only right to use a particular process for 20 years.
Usually the item patented gives a new way of solving problems.
Any duplication of the product or service that is patented has to be with the consent of the owner.
Patents allow inventors of products and services to be adequately compensated.for their innovation.
Consider an economy with two agents, Amy and Becky, and two goods, x and y. Amy's utility function is U_A(x,y)=x_Ay_A, and Becky's utility function is U_B=\min\{4x_B,y_B\}. Amy and Becky's endowments are both \omega_A=\omega_B=(4,1). Suppose that the contract curve in this economy can be represented as y_A=mx_A. Find m.
Answer:
M=3
Explanation:
1. UA(x,y) = XAYA & Ug = min{3XB,YB} WA=WB=(3,1)
Now contract curve is locus of all Pareto efficient allocations,
Where
3XB_YB
XA + XB = X = 3+3=0
→ XB = 6 - X^
YA+YB = 1 + 1 = 2
YB = 2 - YA
Thus 3(6-XA) 2 - YA =
18-3XA-2+ YA = 0
➡16-3XA+ YA = 0
➡YA 3XA - 16 =
YA = 3XA
m = 3
as
So, if
then
2. UA(XA,YA) = 6XA+ YA & UB(XB, YB)= XB + 6YB
WA WB (10,10)
Core is locus of all pareto efficient allocations that make both individuals better off, as compared to these welfare level at endowment levels,
MRSA MUX/MUY = 6, MRSB-1/6 UA-6(10) + 10 = 70 = UB
Now, min XA is such that Uª> 70
➡ 6XA + YA≥ 70 as for core, allocation is Necessarily first pareto optimal,
So, YA = 0, then
➡ 6X₁> 70
➡XA≥ 70/6
Min XA2 11.67 is the answer.
hired by a firm to get legal, though not necessarily ethical, information about competitive firms. hired by a firm's management to prove to the courts that competitors are using unfair pricing practices. hired by a customer to report on illegal or unethical practices that are regularly taking place at a particular establishment. who pose as customers to check on availability and pricing of a firm's products or services and on the quality of the customer service. hired by law firms to check on the safety of their clients' products and the credibility of their advertising
Answer: who pose as customers to check on availability and pricing of a firm's products or services and on the quality of the customer service.
Explanation:
Mystery shoppers are hired by a company as a form of self-evaluation in order to check things like the availability of goods and services as well as the quality of their customer service. They also check to see if their employees are sticking to the codes of conduct of both the company and the regulatory bodies.
Mystery shoppers can also be hired by a company to check out the affairs of another company the same way they would the company hiring them. They would then be paid for their services.
The mere existence of natural resources in a country does not contribute to economic progress unless some conditions prevail.state the condition
Answer:
ᴀꜱ ᴡᴀʀᴍ ᴀꜱ ꜱᴜɴ
ᴀꜱ ꜱɪʟʟʏ ᴀꜱ ꜰᴜɴ
ᴀꜱ ᴄᴏʟᴅ ❄️ ᴀꜱ ᴀ ᴛʀᴇᴇ
ᴀꜱ ꜱᴄᴀʀʏ ᴀꜱ ꜱᴇᴀ
ᴀꜱ ʜᴏᴛ ᴀꜱ ꜰɪʀᴇ
ᴀꜱ ᴄᴏʟᴅ ᴀꜱ ɪᴄᴇ
ꜱᴡᴇᴇᴛ ᴀꜱ ꜱᴜɢᴀʀ
ᴀɴᴅ ᴇᴠᴇʀʏᴛʜɪɴɢ ɴɪᴄᴇ
ᴀꜱ ᴏʟᴅ ᴀꜱ ᴛɪᴍᴇ ⌛
ᴀꜱ ꜱᴛʀᴀɪɢʜᴛ ᴀꜱ ʟɪɴᴇ ➖
ᴀꜱ ʀᴏʏᴀʟ ᴀꜱ ᴀ ᴀɴɢᴇʟ☺️
ᴀꜱ ʙᴜᴢᴢᴇᴅ ᴀꜱ ʙᴇᴇ
ᴀꜱ ꜱᴛᴇᴀʟᴛʜ ᴀꜱ ᴛɪɢᴇʀ
ꜱᴍᴏᴏᴛʜ ᴀꜱ ɢʟɪᴅᴇʀ
ᴘᴜʀᴇ ᴀꜱ ʜᴇᴀʀᴛ ❤️
ᴘᴜʀᴇ ᴀꜱ ɪ ᴡᴀɴɴᴀ ʙᴇ
Explanation:
XxxxxxxxxdThe optimal portfolio for an individual investor is represented by the point that lies on the Question 7 options: lowest possible utility curve and connects to the efficient frontier. utility curve which is just tangent to the right side of the feasible set of risk-return options. utility curve which is just tangent to the efficient frontier. utility curve which represents the highest possible rate of return within the feasible set of risk-return options.
Answer:
Utility curve which is just tangent to the efficient frontier.
Explanation:
The optimal portfolio of the investor is the maximum gain for the maximum risk. If risk factor is increased beyond optimal level it does not necessarily means that returns will also increase. Efficient frontier is curved because there is diminishing marginal utility to risk. For every additional unit of risk added into the portfolio gains a smaller amount of return.
If a bank benefits when a foreign currency declines in value, then the bank must be in a __________ position. The term below that correctly fills in the blank in the preceding sentence is: Group of answer choices
Which of the following statements is the most correct regarding errors and fraud? Group of answer choices Errors are always fraud and frauds are always errors. Auditors have more responsibility for finding fraud than errors. Frauds occur more often than errors in financial statements. An error is unintentional, whereas fraud is intentional.
Answer:
An error is unintentional, whereas fraud is intentional.
Explanation:
Financial accounting is an accounting technique used for analyzing, summarizing and reporting of financial transactions like sales costs, purchase costs, payables and receivables of an organization using standard financial guidelines such as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP).
An auditor refers to an authorized individual who review, examine and verify the authenticity and accuracy of business financial records or transactions.
Thus, an audit of historical financial statements most commonly includes the balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows, and the statement of changes in stockholders' equity.
Hence, the statement which is the most correct regarding errors and fraud is that, an error is an unintentional that can happen to any financial expert, whereas fraud is intentional.
In the sale of a business, if the requirements of the Uniform Commercial Code are not
followed, who would most likely suffer the greatest injury?
Buyer
Broker
Creditors
Lender
If the requirements of the Uniform Commercial Code are not followed, the party that is most probable to suffer the highest injury is the buyer
The UCC comprised of rules that applied for the following contracts:
Sale of goodsGoods leasingnegotiable instrumentsbanking transactionsletter of creditinvestment securitiestransactions that are securedIt is to be adopted in many states also at the same time it gives the remedies and rights to both the buyer & seller
So, the parties that do not suffer are:
BrokerCreditorLenderTherefore we can conclude that If the requirements of the Uniform Commercial Code are not followed, the party that is most probable to suffer the highest injury is the buyer
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Fresh Breath Enterprises (FBE) is a well-known manufacturer of mouthwash. Its main facility is a mint-processing plant, which is currently operating at only 60% capacity. FBE is considering the introduction of a line of mint chewing gum that would use the same mint-processing plant as part of its production process. This proposed production scenario is an example of:
Answer:
Economies of scope
Explanation:
In the case of economies of scope, the efficiency should be attained via generating the variety of goods and services. In this the production cost is reduced at the time when different kinds of products are being produced
so as per the given situation, it is an example of the economies of scope
Therefore the same is to be considered and relevant
If Suzette responds to an increase in the interest rate by decreasing her saving, then, for Suzette, Select one: a. consumption when young and consumption when old are perfect substitutes. b. the increase in the interest rate creates an income effect that is greater than the substitution effect. c. the increase in the interest rate creates a substitution effect that is greater than the income effect. d. consumption when young and consumption when old are perfect complements.
Answer:
b. the increase in the interest rate creates an income effect that is greater than the substitution effect.
Explanation:
Interest rate can be regarded as amount that is been charged by lender for using an assets, this asset could be cash, goods, and this is usually display as a percentage of the lent principal.
The income effect gives shows how increased purchasing power can impact consumption, substitution effect on other hands, shows how changing relative income as well prices impact consumption. Both economics concepts give expression of changes that occur in the market as well as how this changes impact consumption patterns as regards consumer goods and services.
It should be noted that the increase in the interest rate creates an income effect that is greater than the substitution effect.
The testator, a widower, had his attorney prepare a will according to the testator's instructions. The attorney mailed the will to the testator. The testator signed the will in the presence of his father, and asked his father to sign the will as a witness, which his father did. The testator then showed the will to his adult son, told him that the signature on the will was his, and asked his son to sign the will as a witness as well. The testator's will devised $100,000 to his adult son, with the remainder of the testator's estate passing to his other two sons in equal shares. When the testator died, the will was offered for probate. The testator was survived by the father, the adult son, and the other two sons. As witnesses, the father and the son are asked to testify to the facts concerning the execution of the will. Should the testator's will be admitted to probate?
Answers:
A. Yes, because the father and the adult son both testified to the facts concerning the execution of the will.
B. No, because the father and the adult son did not sign the will in each other's presence.
C. Yes, because the will had the necessary two witnesses.
D. No, because the father and the adult son are also beneficiaries.
Answer: No, because the father and the adult son did not sign the will in each other's presence
Explanation:
The testator's will should not be admitted to probate because the father and the adult son did not sign the will in each other's presence.
A will requires a writing such that the testator will sign in the joint presence of two attesting witnesses. It should also be noted that both witnesses understand the importance of that act of the testator and then sign in each other's presence.
Suppose Jim goes door-to-door selling vacuum cleaners at an amazing discount. To obtain the discount, customers must pay immediately, and the vacuum cleaner will be delivered to them in three to five business days. However, Jim possesses no vacuum cleaners and does not plan to deliver any. Jim has committed the crime of
Answer:
false pretense
Explanation:
In criminal law the crime of false pretense is committed when a person get a property or cash through falsehood. In false pretense this money or property is gotten through fraud by misrepresentation.
For example, this salesperson promises to provide vacuum cleaners as an amazing discount. After the customers pay him, we see that he intentionally fails to deliver because he had no vacuum cleaners in the first place.
A month after your mutual aid agreement is activated for an incident, a participating jurisdiction claims that their responders are suffering from health problems and that is your responsibility to pay for their care. Your first step in this situation should be to: A. Check the Insurance and Liability section of your mutual aid agreement. B. Check the Demobilization section of your mutual aid operational plan. C. Reimburse them. D. Tell them to file a claim with your insurance company.
Answer:
A. Check the Insurance and Liability section of your mutual aid agreement
Explanation:
Firstly, a mutual aid agreement is a documents that sets the rules or terms under which help or assistance can be provided between two parties, jurisdictions, NGO, etc.
From the above question, it is important that before any step is taken, it is important to check the insurance an liability section of the mutual aid agreement. This will help to ascertain if indeed you are responsible for the healthcare payment of the responders as claimed by the participating jurisdiction.
This helps to clarify who is responsible for the responders.
Cheers
Consider five individuals with different occupations. Allen prepares taxes wants ribs Betty does dry cleaning wants computer fixed Calvin fixes computers wants bread Diedre bakes bread wants taxes prepared Eric barbecues ribs wants dry cleaning If this economy has money a. Allen will buy from Betty b. Betty will buy from Calvin c. Eric will buy from Allen d. None of the above are correct.
Answer:
D. None of the above are correct.
Identify a romantic couple in a TV series or movie that goes through several of Knapp's Stages of Relational Development. Describe how they went through each stage and what events or behaviors made it clear that the characters were in each of these stages. At what stage were the characters when the TV series or movie ended?
Answer:
Stagnation
Explanation:
There are several stages in Knapp's stages of relational development. The stages are as,
Experimentation
Intensifying
Integration
Bonding
Differentiation
Circumscribing
Stagnation
Avoidance
Termination
I recently saw a movie in which there was a couple who was going through integration period of Knapp's relational development. They express their love for each other and plans to marry soon. Once they are married they identify the difference in their cultures because both of them belonged to different religion. The difference start to create problems between them and they now quarrel with each other over small things. The relation goes into circumscribing stage where there is less exchange of information between the couple and they avoid talking to each other. There is an increase communication gap between two. As the movie moves to climax both of them are in Stagnation stage where each of them feels stuck in this relationship and suddenly there is an accident and one of them dies. The movie ends with lifetime regrets for the one who survives.
A bond par value is $1,000 and the coupon rate is 6.3 percent. The bond price was $946.86 at the beginning of the year and $984.56 at the end of the year. The inflation rate for the year was 2.1 percent. What was the bond's real return for the year
Answer:
8.36%
Explanation:
The computation of the real rate of return is given below:
Coupon amount = $1,000 × 6.3% = $63
Return on price is
= $984.56 - 946.86
= $37.7
Now
Nominal rate of return =( (63 + 37.7) ÷ 946.86 ) × 100
= 10.64%
And, finally
Real rate of return = (1+ nominal return) ÷ (1+inflation) - 1
= (1.1064 ÷ 1.021) - 1
= 8.36%
Overzealous pursuit of wealth, pressure to exceed performance standards, and a culture that values profits more than ethical behavior Multiple choice question. are valid defenses if a company is sued in court for illegal or unethical actions. are the primary causes of the majority of unethical business behaviors. are desirable cultural traits in successful companies. are generally not the main factors behind corporate scandals.
Answer:
are the primary causes of the majority of unethical business behaviors.
Explanation:
An ethic can be defined as a set of both written and unwritten principles, values or rules of moral conduct that guides (governs) human behaviors. It's a reflection that is typically based on identifying what is good or bad, right or wrong and just or unjust with respect to human behaviors.
Ethical issues are mostly complicated for businesses that operate in the global economy because different cultures have different norms and values.
Generally, some of the fundamental cause of unethical business behaviors across the world are;
I. Overzealous pursuit of wealth
II. Undue pressure on employees or the management to exceed performance standards.
III. A culture that values profits more than ethical behavior.
An ethical climate can be defined as a collection of behaviors that are considered to be acceptable and correct within an organization or business firm. Also, an ethical climate provides the human resources management of an organization with a framework or benchmark on how employee behavioral issues or ethical problems are to be managed or handled within the organization.
Thus, an organization with a strong ethical climate is generally considered to have an effective, conducive, just and optimum working standards for its employees and as such would significantly increase employee trust and commitment.
op down and bottom up estimating both use parametric (ratio) estimating, the difference is that... Multiple choice question. Top down looks at the project as a total unit, whereas bottom up looks at individual tasks. There is no difference, the method is the same for both techniques.
Answer:
Top down looks at the project as a total unit, whereas bottom up looks at individual tasks.
Explanation:
in the case when the top down and the bottom up predicted the usage of the parametric ratio that could be expected that the difference should be that the top down recognize the project and treated as the total unit while on the other hand the bottom up recognized the project on the person to person task or indiviudal task
Therefore the above statement should be considered
